{"id":10579,"date":"2021-10-15T09:41:40","date_gmt":"2021-10-15T06:41:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=10579"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:15:13","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:15:13","slug":"iklim-multecileri-sorunu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/iklim-multecileri-sorunu\/","title":{"rendered":"I\u0307kli\u0307m M\u00fclteci\u0307leri\u0307 Sorunu"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar art\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 siyasetin\u00a0 ka\u00e7amayaca\u011f\u0131 bir boyuttad\u0131r. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin getirdi\u011fi bir \u00e7ok \u00e7evre olay\u0131 iklim m\u00fcltecileri kavram\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. \u0130klim m\u00fcltecilerinin stat\u00fcleri uluslararas\u0131 hukuk sisteminde hala belirsizdir ve kesin bir tan\u0131m \u00fczerinde uzla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. T\u00fcm bu belirsizlik i\u00e7inde iklim m\u00fcltecileri uluslararas\u0131 politikalar\u0131n neresindedir?<\/p>\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi 21. yy. d\u00fcnya siyasetinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki s\u00fcre\u00e7 boyunca insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerleri terk etmek zorunda kalmas\u0131na neden olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 temelden etkileyecektir. \u0130klim m\u00fcltecilerinin hem tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki zorluklar hem de stat\u00fclerindeki belirsizlikler nedeniyle tam say\u0131lar\u0131na ula\u015fabilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak mevcut durum de\u011fi\u015ftirilmez ise zaman i\u00e7inde bilinen t\u00fcm m\u00fclteci krizlerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir (Biermann ve Boas, 2010: 60-61) Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze do\u011fru incelendi\u011finde, 1995 y\u0131l\u0131nda erozyon, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme, kurakl\u0131k gibi nedenlerle \u00fclkelerini terk etmek zorunda kalan iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en az 25 milyon oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir. 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda World Disasters adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucunda 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen do\u011fal felaketler nedeniyle, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri terk etmek zorunda kalan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n toplam m\u00fclteci say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n %58\u2019ini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu raporlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kovel, 2017: 31; Myers, 2001: 609; Jacobson, 1988: 257). 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle zorla yerinden edilen 68,5 milyon insan\u0131n 23 milyonunun \u00e7evre felaketleri sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir.[1]<\/a> Myers\u2019in \u00e7ok\u00e7a al\u0131nt\u0131lanan ve ele\u015ftirilen gelecek tahmini ise 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyadaki iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin 150 milyona ula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir (Kolmannskog, 2001: 9). D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131n\u0131n 2018 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile 2050 i\u00e7in iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin 143 milyonun \u00fczerinde olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.[2]<\/a> Yani Myers\u2019in 150 milyon tahminini do\u011frular niteliktedir. \u0130klim m\u00fcltecileri problemine kar\u015f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 hukuk ve politikada bir bo\u015fluk mevcuttur. 21.yy boyunca onlarca hatta y\u00fcz milyonlarca insan\u0131n iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi nedeniyle evlerini terk etmeleri ve sorunun bir kriz haline d\u00f6nmesi muhtemeldir. \u0130klim m\u00fcltecileri sorunu ile ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 garanti eden, dikkatlice haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f yasal bir ara\u00e7 zorunludur (Docherty ve Giannini, 2009: 402).<\/p>\n

\u0130klim m\u00fcltecilerinin tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131nda ana \u00f6\u011feleri ortaya koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mevcuttur. En yayg\u0131n olarak bilinen tan\u0131mlama Essam El Hinnavi taraf\u0131ndan Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00c7evre Program\u0131nda \u00f6nerdi\u011fi tan\u0131mlamad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, bir tak\u0131m \u00e7evresel bozulmalardan dolay\u0131 hayatlar\u0131 ciddi \u015fekilde tehlike alt\u0131nda olan ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri bu nedenlerden dolay\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalan insanlar olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Akt. Myers ve Kent, 1995:17). \u0130klim m\u00fcltecileri kavram\u0131n\u0131n yeni bir kavram olmas\u0131 ve terimi tan\u0131mlamaktaki karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k iklim m\u00fcltecileri i\u00e7in koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli d\u00fczenlemeleri de zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.[3]<\/a> Bu nedenle iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fclteci hukukuna g\u00f6re m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fc i\u00e7inde yer almad\u0131klar\u0131 ve uluslararas\u0131 korumadan yararlanamad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7evresel nedenlerle yer de\u011fi\u015ftiren insanlar\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na alacak veya korumaya te\u015fvik edecek uluslararas\u0131 yasal bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu insanlara devletler nezdinde g\u00f6\u00e7men de denilmemektedir. Bu nedenle iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin stat\u00fcleri belirsizdir (Ek\u015fi, 2016: 18; Ziya, 2012: 237). \u00d6rne\u011fin; ge\u00e7imini tar\u0131mdan sa\u011flayan Tuvalu, sular\u0131n y\u00fckselmesiyle beraber b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu ada devletinin tamamen sulara g\u00f6m\u00fclerek yok olaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. Tuvalu h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, aday\u0131 bo\u015faltmak zorunda kalabilme ihtimallerine kar\u015f\u0131n vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine olanak sa\u011flayacak bir anla\u015fma yapma giri\u015fiminde bulunsa da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Ek\u015fi, 2016: 24-25). G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere Tuvalu gibi iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finden \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenecek olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ada \u00fclkelerinde ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n gelece\u011fi belirsizdir.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131, yeni bir kavram olan iklim m\u00fcltecili\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7evresel problemler nedeniyle ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 yerleri terk etmek zorunda kalan iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin, ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 nerede ve nas\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecekleri \u00fczerine uluslararas\u0131 alanda bir uzla\u015f\u0131 veya \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00dcstelik iklim m\u00fcltecileri, g\u00f6\u00e7men mi yoksa m\u00fclteci mi belirsizli\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc daha da karma\u015f\u0131k hale getirmektedir. Uluslararas\u0131 hukuktaki bu belirsizlik iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalarda do\u011frudan yer almalar\u0131n\u0131 da zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. 1921 Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yer alan m\u00fclteci kavram\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin aleyhine sonu\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. Bu durum da iklim m\u00fcltecilerinin uluslararas\u0131 alanda korunmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemekte ve bu nedenden dolay\u0131 yapt\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fclteci ba\u015fvurular\u0131 kabul edilmemektedir. T\u00fcm bunlar ya\u015fan\u0131rken iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fmas\u0131 devletler \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131y\u0131 da artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\n

[1]<\/a> https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees\/\u00a0 (eri\u015fim\u00a0 tarihi:\u00a0 20.01.2020)<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/research\/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees\/#footnote-7 (eri\u015fim tarihi: 20.09.2021)<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> https:\/\/helprefugees.org\/news\/the-plight-and-rise-of-climate- refugees\/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIzdyNjLWX5wIVRMwYCh2hqgcaEAAYASAAEgL9gvD_BwE (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 21.09.2021).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n

Biermann, F. ve Boas, I. (2010). \u201cPreparing for a Warmer World: Towards a Global Governance System to Protect Climate Refugees\u201d. Global EnviromentalPolitics, 10(1): 60-88.<\/p>\n

Docherty, B. ve Giannini, T. (2009). \u201cConfronting A Rising Tide: A Proposol For A Convention On Climate Change Refugees\u201d. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 33(1): 351-403.<\/p>\n

Ek\u015fi, N. (2010). M\u00fcltecilere ve S\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lara \u0130li\u015fkin Mevzuat. Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

Ek\u015fi, N. (2016). \u201c\u0130klim M\u00fcltecileri\u201d. G\u00f6\u00e7 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, 2(2): 10-58.<\/p>\n

Jacobson, J. L. (1988). \u201c Environmental Refugees: A Yardstick of Habitability\u201d. Bulletion of Science, Technology and Society. 8(1): 257-258.<\/p>\n

Kolmannskog, V. O. (2008). Future Floods of Refugees. Gamlebyen Grafiske AS, Oslo.<\/p>\n

Kovel, J. (2017). Do\u011fan\u0131n D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Kapitalizmin sonu mu, D\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonu mu? (\u00c7ev. G.Koca), Metis Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

Mutlu, A., \u0130rdem, \u0130. ve \u00dcre, B. (2015). \u201cEkolojik M\u00fclteci\u201d. Memleket Siyaset Y\u00f6netim Dergisi, 10 (23): 79-118.<\/p>\n

Myers, N. (2001). \u201cEnvironmental Refugees: a Growing Phenomenon of The 21st Century\u201d. The Royal Society. 357(1420): 609-613.<\/p>\n

Myers, N. ve Kent, J. (1995). Environmental Exodus: An Emergent Crisis in the Global Arena. Climate Institute, Washington DC.<\/p>\n

Ziya, O. (2012). \u201cM\u00fclteci G\u00f6\u00e7men Belirsizli\u011finde \u0130klim M\u00fcltecileri\u201d. T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Dergisi, 25(99): 229-240.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nur Ocakl\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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