{"id":10774,"date":"2021-11-27T17:12:02","date_gmt":"2021-11-27T14:12:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=10774"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:15:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:15:12","slug":"enerji-sektorunun-oyun-degistiricisi-gaz-hidratlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/enerji-sektorunun-oyun-degistiricisi-gaz-hidratlari\/","title":{"rendered":"Enerji Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cOyun De\u011fi\u015ftiricisi\u201d Gaz Hidratlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nizami Piriyev<\/strong>
\nTespam Azerbaycan Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Gelece\u011fin en \u00f6nemli enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelen ve enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201coyun de\u011fi\u015ftiricisi\u201d olarak nitelendirilen gaz hidratlar\u0131 nedir?<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dclkeler yenilenebilir enerjiye y\u00f6nelmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsalar da, uluslararas\u0131 kurulu\u015flar fosil yak\u0131tlardan ye\u015fil enerjiye ge\u00e7meyi planlayan raporlar haz\u0131rlasalar da ve devletleri buna te\u015fvik etseler de g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde fosil yak\u0131tlar enerjinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturuyor ve artan enerji ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z nedeniyle yak\u0131n zamanda fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7memiz s\u00f6z konusu bile de\u011fil. \u00dclkeler, enerji sekt\u00f6rlerinin geli\u015ftirilmesinde yenilenebilir enerjiye ge\u00e7i\u015f i\u00e7in planlar geli\u015ftirirken geleneksel ve geleneksel olmayan fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131 aramaya da devam ediyorlar. 2020’de d\u00fcnya elektri\u011finin %61.3’i fosil yak\u0131tlardan ve %35.2’i n\u00fckleer, hidro, r\u00fczgar ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinin birle\u015fiminden \u00fcretildi. 2020, g\u00fcne\u015ften elektrik \u00fcretiminin petrol\u00fc ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ilk y\u0131l oldu. (\u015eekil 1)<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 1. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnya elektrik \u00fcretimi<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Yak\u0131n gelece\u011fin enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen geleneksel olmayan fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131ndan gaz hidratlar\u0131, su ve gazdan olu\u015fan kristal bir kat\u0131d\u0131r. (\u015eekil 2) Y\u00fcksek bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131nda su molek\u00fclleri, metan molek\u00fcllerini \u00e7evreler ve metan molek\u00fclleri bu kafes i\u00e7erisine hapsolarak gaz hidratlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Do\u011fada yayg\u0131n olarak, k\u0131ta kenar\u0131 , deniz taban\u0131 tortullar\u0131 ve kutba yak\u0131n permafrost alanlarda bulunur. Normal deniz seviyesindeki bas\u0131n\u00e7larda ve s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda kararl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Standart bas\u0131n\u00e7 ve s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u015fartlar\u0131nda 1 m3 gaz hidrat, 164 m3 gaz ve 0.8 m3 su i\u00e7ermektedir. Kendi hacminden 164 kat daha fazla gaz\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi nedeniyle gaz hidratlar\u0131 yak\u0131n gelece\u011fin enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Gaz hidratlar bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde metan sal\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyor ve bu da ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkiler. Gaz hidratlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 haline getirilmesi \u00e7evreye verdi\u011fi zarar\u0131 aza indirerek \u00e7ifte fayda sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 2. Gaz hidrat kristalleri. Tortu \u00f6rne\u011findeki gaz hidrat kristallerinin elektron mikroskobunda taranan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc. \u00d6l\u00e7ek 50 mikrometre (\u03bcm) veya yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,002<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u015eekil 3. Metan hidrat stabilite tablosu<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Bu faz diyagram\u0131 dikey eksende su derinli\u011fini (bas\u0131n\u00e7) ve yatay eksende s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Kesik \u00e7izgiler su, su buzu, gaz ve gaz hidrat\u0131n stabilite alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131r\u0131r. “Hidrattan gaza ge\u00e7i\u015f” etiketli sat\u0131r \u00f6nemlidir. Bu \u00e7izginin alt\u0131nda metan hidrat olu\u015fumu i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar olu\u015fur. Bu \u00e7izginin \u00fczerinde metan hidrat olu\u015fmayacakt\u0131r. K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgi bir jeotermi (belirli bir konumdaki derinlikle s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fimi) izler. Derinlik artt\u0131k\u00e7a jeotermin hidrattan gaza ge\u00e7i\u015f hatt\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ti\u011fine dikkat edin. Bu, tortulardaki gaz hidrat\u0131n genellikle serbest gaz\u0131n \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelir. (\u015eekil 3)<\/p>\n

1930’larda, gaz hidratlar\u0131 petrol ve gaz boru hatlar\u0131nda t\u0131kanmalar olu\u015fturabilecek end\u00fcstriyel bir tehlike olarak kabul ediliyordu. 1970’lerin sonlar\u0131nda ve 1980’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, bir dizi derin okyanus bilimsel sondaj gezisi gaz hidratlar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fada varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131. Artan enerji talepleri ve iklim kayg\u0131lar\u0131, hem end\u00fcstrinin hem de h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin dikkatini nispeten temiz enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 olan gaz hidratlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde odaklad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Gaz hidrat ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gaz hidratlar ilk olarak 1800’lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Humphrey Davy ve Michael Faraday taraf\u0131ndan bir klorin-su kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan deneyler s\u0131ras\u0131nda ke\u015ffedildi. B\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda gaz hidratlar\u0131n\u0131n birikmesiyle ilgili ilk bilgi, 1972’de Bat\u0131 Sibirya’da ke\u015ffedilen Messoyakha sahas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Sovyet bilim adamlar\u0131, hidrat olu\u015fumunun sadece donmu\u015f alanlarda de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k\/y\u00fcksek bas\u0131nc\u0131n h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu t\u00fcm denizel ortamlarda var olabilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fler. K\u00fcresel hidrat ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1982’de Amerika, 1995’te Japonya, 1996’da Hindistan, 1999’da Kore; 2004’te \u00c7in ve 2005’ten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Hindistan, Kore, Amerika, Kanada, Rusya, Norve\u00e7, \u0130ngiltere, Almanya, Yeni Zelanda gibi \u00fclkeler b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fct\u00e7eli do\u011fal gaz hidrat arama projelerini uygulamaya koymu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 4. ABD Jeolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma veri taban\u0131ndan 2019’un sonu itibariyle geri kazan\u0131lan veya g\u00f6zlemlenen gaz hidrat (k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 daireler) ve \u00e7\u0131karsanan gaz hidrat\u0131n (sar\u0131 daireler ve mavi semboller) k\u00fcresel haritas\u0131<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Gaz hidratlar\u0131 yeralt\u0131 ortamlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemi karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bile\u015fikler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda par\u00e7alanma e\u011filimi g\u00f6sterir. Teknoloji, malzemenin hala deniz taban\u0131ndayken bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ve ard\u0131ndan gaz\u0131 y\u00fczeye kanalize etmeye dayan\u0131r. Japonya ve \u00c7in, G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi’nde ve ba\u015fka yerlerde metan hidrat ekstraksiyon prosed\u00fcrlerini ba\u015far\u0131yla test etmi\u015f olsalar da, s\u00fcre\u00e7 ticari olarak uygulanabilir olmaktan uzakt\u0131r. \u00c7in ve Japonya’dan gelen son projeler umut vericiydi, ancak teknolojiyi ticarile\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131na daha y\u0131llar var.<\/p>\n

Metan hidrat, petrol veya k\u00f6m\u00fcrden daha temiz bir \u015fekilde yanar, ancak yine de bir fosil yak\u0131tt\u0131r, bu nedenle yak\u0131t uygun maliyetli bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131labilse bile, yine de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine katk\u0131da bulunacakt\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6zellikle kendi do\u011fal gaz kaynaklar\u0131 az olan Japonya ve G\u00fcney Kore ile birlikte \u00c7in ve Hindistan’da petrol ve k\u00f6m\u00fcr t\u00fcketiminin yerini alabilirse metan hidrat kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi olumlu bir hareket olabilir.<\/p>\n

2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda China Geological Survey taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanan ara\u015ft\u0131rmada \u00e7inli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, G\u00fcney \u00c7in Denizi’nde petrol platformunu kullanarak tahmini 99,5 % metan i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile yakla\u015f\u0131k 113.200 m3 metan hidrat \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Yine 2017 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n may\u0131s aylar\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Japonya’n\u0131n merkez k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan metan hidrat\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Reuters’e g\u00f6re, 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma, “kuyuya akan kumla ilgili sorunlar nedeniyle bir haftadan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra aniden sona erdi”. Japonya’n\u0131n Pasifik k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki do\u011fu Nankai \u00c7ukurunda, yakla\u015f\u0131k 11 y\u0131ll\u0131k Japon gaz t\u00fcketimine e\u015fit en az 40 trilyon fit k\u00fcp (1,1 trilyon metrek\u00fcp) metan hidrat\u0131n bulundu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor.<\/p>\n

ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen Texas \u00dcniversitesi Jeofizik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc (UTIG), Meksika K\u00f6rfezi’ndeki \u00e7ok disiplinli bir metan hidrat \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck ediyor. Dokuz y\u0131ll\u0131k proje (2014-2023) boyunca, birden fazla ke\u015fif yoluyla metan hidrat yataklar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak, delmek ve \u00f6rneklemek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ald\u0131klar\u0131 bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 numuneleri depolamak, manip\u00fcle etmek, analiz etmek ve da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015f. Anla\u015fma, ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 finansman\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 64,3 milyon dolar ve end\u00fcstri, ara\u015ft\u0131rma ortaklar\u0131ndan ise 29,6 milyon dolar i\u00e7eriyor. Ekibin numune alaca\u011f\u0131 Meksika K\u00f6rfezi’nde, deniz taban\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan kum a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 rezervuarlarda yakla\u015f\u0131k 7.000 trilyon fit k\u00fcp (tcf) metan oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri 2013’te yakla\u015f\u0131k 26 tcf do\u011fal gaz kulland\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla metan hidratlar\u0131n Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda uzun vadeli enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fine katk\u0131da bulunma potansiyeli var. Dokuz y\u0131ll\u0131k proje boyunca toplanan veriler, bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n deniz hidratlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunu ve da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde tahmin etmelerine ve gelecekteki \u00fcretim \u00e7abalar\u0131 i\u00e7in zemin haz\u0131rlamas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacak.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ayr\u0131ca, metan hidrat\u0131n D\u00fcnya’n\u0131n karbon d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcnde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 role \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutma potansiyeline de sahip. Metan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir sera gaz\u0131d\u0131r ve \u00e7ekirdekleri inceleyen bilim adamlar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck tortulardan metan\u0131n do\u011fal sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerinde bir eli olabilece\u011fini teorile\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

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Tablo 1. Hidrat \u00fcretiminin ekonomik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Varsay\u0131lan rezervuar \u00f6zellikleri: h=25 ft, \u03c6 = 40 %, k = 600 md<\/p>\n

Varsay\u0131lan s\u00fcre\u00e7: 300\u00b0F’de 30,000 varil\/g\u00fcn su enjeksiyonu<\/p>\n

Tablo 1.-de Alaska’da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen gaz hidrat projesinde hidrat \u00fcretiminin ekonomik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Akdeniz’deki hidrokarbon rezervleri T\u00fcrkiye’nin yakla\u015f\u0131k 572 y\u0131l, Avrupa’n\u0131n ise 30 y\u0131l do\u011fal gaz ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya yeterlidir. Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak toplam de\u011feri 1,5 trilyon dolar olan 30 milyar varil petrole e\u015fde\u011fer hidrokarbon yataklar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Antalya K\u00f6rfezi ve civar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki yakla\u015f\u0131k 80.000 kilometrekarelik deniz yetki alanlar\u0131nda zengin gaz hidrat yataklar\u0131 mevcuttur. (\u015eekil 5)<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 5. Gaz hidrat yataklar\u0131<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Gaz hidrat \u00fcretimi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcne kadar gaz hidratlar\u0131ndan gaz\u0131 serbest b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in yerinde ayr\u0131\u015fma konseptine dayanan ve daha sonra y\u00fczeye iletilebilen \u00fc\u00e7 ana gaz hidrat \u00fcretim konsepti \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir (\u015eekil 6). Bas\u0131n\u00e7s\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma tekni\u011fi, yerel olu\u015fum bas\u0131n\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak gaz hidratlar\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, \u0131s\u0131tma tekni\u011fi olu\u015fum s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltir ve kimyasal uyar\u0131 tekni\u011fi kimyasal denge ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

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\u015eekil 6. \u00dcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve gaz hidrat stabilitesine etkileri<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00d6nerilen \u00fc\u00e7 gaz hidrat \u00fcretim y\u00f6nteminin (sol \u00e7er\u00e7eve) her biri i\u00e7in, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kararl\u0131 hidrat i\u00e7eren tortu i\u00e7indeki ko\u015fullar, o konumdaki hidrat\u0131n art\u0131k kararl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ayr\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde kayd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Sa\u011f \u00e7er\u00e7eve: Bas\u0131n\u00e7s\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rma: olu\u015fum bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n denge limitlerinin alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle elde edilir. Termal uyar\u0131m: olu\u015fum bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131 denge ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde art\u0131rarak elde edilir. Kimyasal uyar\u0131m: gaz hidrat denge ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler inhibit\u00f6r enjeksiyonu ile ind\u00fcklenir.<\/p>\n

Gaz hidrat \u201csava\u015flar\u0131\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deepwater Horizon patlamas\u0131na metan hidratlar m\u0131 neden oldu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Deepwater Horizon patlamas\u0131na metan hidratlar m\u0131 neden oldu?
\nMeksika K\u00f6rfezi’ndeki engin derin su metan hidrat yataklar\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck enerji \u00e7evrelerinde a\u00e7\u0131k bir s\u0131rd\u0131r. Metan hidratlar u\u00e7ucu bile\u015fiklerdir , derin suyun a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 so\u011fuk ve ezici a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda stabildirler, ancak bir kuyunun sondaj kolonunun i\u00e7inde biriktiklerinde son derece tehlikelidirler. Is\u0131 veya bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ile karars\u0131z hale gelirse, metan hidratlar h\u0131zla hacimlerinin 164 kat\u0131na kadar geni\u015fleyebilir.<\/p>\n

BP kulesi patlamas\u0131ndan kurtulanlar, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmecilere 20 Nisan’daki patlamadan hemen \u00f6nce i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sondaj kolonundaki bas\u0131nc\u0131 azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kuyunun etraf\u0131na \u00e7imento conta yerle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u0131s\u0131 uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Ard\u0131ndan, okyanus y\u00fczeyindeki platformda patlamadan \u00f6nce, h\u0131zla geni\u015fleyen bir metan gaz\u0131 balonu sondaj s\u00fctununu havaya kald\u0131rd\u0131. Kat\u0131 bir \u00e7elik borunun bile 164 katl\u0131k bir hacim geni\u015flemesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok az \u015fans\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bilim adamlar\u0131, bu garip hidrokarbonlar\u0131n m\u00fcthi\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn gayet iyi fark\u0131ndalar. Aniden b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir metan hidrat sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 55 milyon y\u0131l \u00f6nce kitlesel bir yok olu\u015fa neden oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Mega felaketlerle ilgilenen planlamac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n ani ka\u00e7\u0131\u015flar\u0131, bir asteroit sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 veya n\u00fckleer sava\u015fla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir bir tehdit olarak kabul edilir. Livermore, Ca. merkezli bir silah tasar\u0131m merkezi olan Lawrence Livermore Ulusal Laboratuvar\u0131, metan hidratlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tsunamiye bile neden olabilece\u011fini bildiriyor.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, Deepwater Horizon te\u00e7hizat\u0131n\u0131n bir do\u011fa kuvveti taraf\u0131ndan buru\u015fmu\u015f bir su sine\u011fi gibi kaybolmas\u0131, bu bile\u015fiklerin fizi\u011fini bilen herkes i\u00e7in \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Bermuda \u00fc\u00e7geninin s\u0131rr\u0131 gaz hidratlar\u0131 m\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Bermuda \u00dc\u00e7geni” terimi ilk kez 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikal\u0131 yazar Vincent Gaddis taraf\u0131ndan Argosy dergisinde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bermuda \u00dc\u00e7geni Kuzey Atlantik Okyanusu\u2019nun bat\u0131s\u0131nda yerle\u015fen bir b\u00f6lgedir. Her bir kenar\u0131 1.600 km\u2019ye yak\u0131n olmakla u\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 Bermuda, Florida ve Puerto Rico\u2019dad\u0131r. 50’den fazla gemi, 20 u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n ve binden fazla ki\u015finin burada gizemli bir \u015fekilde ortadan kayboldu\u011fu s\u00f6yleniyor.<\/p>\n

Eskiden manyetik alan oldu\u011fu san\u0131lan Bermuda \u00fc\u00e7geni \u015fimdi do\u011falgaz kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Okyanuslar\u0131n derinliklerinden \u00e7\u0131kmak isteyen do\u011fal gazlar, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da etkisiyle hidrat hale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. Derin dald\u0131rma robotik kameralar kullan\u0131larak b\u00f6lgedeki okyanus taban\u0131 ve gemi enkazlar\u0131n\u0131n resimlenmesinden sonra bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lge K\u00f6rfez ak\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yer oldu\u011fundan taban\u0131n\u0131n bazen \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ile hidratlar erir ve y\u00fczeye do\u011fru y\u00fckselirler. Bu durumda suyun yo\u011funlu\u011fu azal\u0131r, kald\u0131rma kuvvetini yitirir ve gemilerin y\u00fczebilme kabiliyetlerini olumsuz etkiler. B\u00f6ylece o s\u0131rada oradan ge\u00e7en ne varsa, h\u0131zla\u00a0okyanusun dibine do\u011fru batar. Su y\u00fczeyine ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fckselmeye devam eden metan gaz\u0131 sudan sal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda su yo\u011funlu\u011fu eski haline gelir. Gemi tamamen batmazsa tekrar y\u00fckselir ve normale d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

U\u00e7aklar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015ferek kaybolmas\u0131 ise sudan ayr\u0131lan metan gaz\u0131n\u0131n atmosferin yo\u011funlu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesile meydana gelir. Yo\u011funlu\u011fun azalmas\u0131 ile havadak\u0131 oksigen miktar\u0131 benzinin yanmas\u0131 ve motorlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan u\u00e7ak irtifa kaybeder ve motorlar\u0131 durur. B\u00f6ylece u\u00e7ak okyanus taban\u0131na do\u011fru ini\u015f yapar.<\/p>\n

Metan gaz\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer olumsuz etkisi de yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 devasa dalgalard\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde veya s\u0131cakl\u0131k \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 y\u00fckseldi\u011finde, gaz hidratlar\u0131n\u0131n patlay\u0131c\u0131 ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck dalgalar olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n

Metan hidrat birikimleri zorlu ortamlarda bulunsa da ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da teknik zorluk sunsa da, bunlar geni\u015f \u00e7apta da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck hidrokarbon kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bas\u0131n\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme, iyon de\u011fi\u015fimi, benzersiz kimyasal ve fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerinden yararlanan i\u015flemler kullan\u0131larak gaz hidratlar\u0131 \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli teknolojiler geli\u015ftirilebilir. Bunun i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle ara\u015ft\u0131rma programlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir ve bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma gruplar\u0131na s\u00fcrekli destek verilmesi gerekmektedir. Metan hidrat muhtemelen gelecekteki enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. World Energy Data, World Electricity Generation, https:\/\/www.worldenergydata.org\/world-electricity-generation\/<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 17.11.2021)<\/p>\n

2. U.S. Geological Survey, Gas Hydrate Crystals, https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/media\/images\/gas-hydrate-crystals<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 17.11.2021)<\/p>\n

3. Dr. Carolyn Ruppel, Gas Hydrates Offshore Southeastern United States, https:\/\/oceanexplorer.noaa.gov\/explorations\/03windows\/background\/hydrates\/hydrates.html<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.11.2021)<\/p>\n

4. Tracy Zhang, Timescales and Processes of Methane Hydrate Formation and Breakdown, With Application to Geologic Systems, C. D. Ruppel, W. F. Waite, https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2018JB016459<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.11.2021)<\/p>\n

5. Japan, China have extracted methane hydrate from the seafloor, Megan Guess, https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/science\/2017\/05\/energy-dense-methane-hydrate-extracted-by-japanese-chinese-researchers\/<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.11.2021)<\/p>\n

6. GOM\u00b2: Methane Hydrates at the University of Texas, https:\/\/ig.utexas.edu\/energy\/gom2-methane-hydrates-at-the-university-of-texas\/<\/a> , (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.11.2021)<\/p>\n

7. Tracy Zhang, UT Austin Studies Mysterious Substance that Could Transform the Future of Energy, https:\/\/news.utexas.edu\/2021\/05\/10\/ut-austin-studies-mysterious-substance-that-could-transform-the-future-of-energy\/<\/a> , (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.11.2021)<\/p>\n

8. T.Collett, M. Lee, D. Taylor, T. Lorenson, W. Agena, J. Miller, Energy Resource Potential of Gas Hydrates on North Slope of Alaska, https:\/\/dggs.alaska.gov\/webpubs\/dggs\/mp\/oversized\/mp135_TimCollett.pdf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.11.2021)<\/p>\n

9. Reuters, Japan reports successful gas output test from methane hydrate, https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/japan-methane-hydrate-idUSL4N1IA35A<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.11.2021)<\/p>\n

10. Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir Universitesi, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki Hidrokarbon Rezervleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin 572 Y\u0131ll\u0131k \u0130htiyac\u0131n\u0131 Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor, https:\/\/bau.edu.tr\/haber\/15966-dogu-akdeniz%E2%80%99deki-hidrokarbon-rezervleri-turkiye%E2%80%99nin-572-yillik-ihtiyacini-karsiliyor<\/a> , (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 24.11.2021)<\/p>\n

11. Ankara Universitesi, Gaz Hidrat Nedir?, https:\/\/acikders.ankara.edu.tr\/pluginfile.php\/65987\/mod_resource\/content\/0\/Gaz%20Hidrat-Tight%20sand%20gaz-Asfalt.pdf<\/a> , (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 24.11.2021)<\/p>\n

12. Beaudoin, Y. C., Dallimore, S. R., and Boswell, R. (eds), 2014. Frozen Heat: A UNEP Global Outlook on Methane Gas Hydrates. Volume 2. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal.<\/p>\n

13. The Guardian, Did Deepwater methane hydrates cause the BP Gulf explosion?, https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2010\/may\/20\/deepwater-methane-hydrates-bp-gulf<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 27.11.2021)<\/p>\n

14. Hillary Mayell, Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue, https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/history\/article\/bermuda-triangle-mystery-disappearance<\/a> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 27.11.2021)<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nizami Piriyev Tespam Azerbaycan Koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc   Gelece\u011fin en \u00f6nemli enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelen ve enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201coyun de\u011fi\u015ftiricisi\u201d olarak nitelendirilen gaz hidratlar\u0131 nedir? \u00dclkeler yenilenebilir enerjiye y\u00f6nelmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsalar da, uluslararas\u0131…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_thinkrank_schema_form_data":"","_thinkrank_selected_schema_type":"","_thinkrank_additional_schemas":"","_thinkrank_canonical_url":"","_thinkrank_og_title":"","_thinkrank_og_description":"","_thinkrank_og_image":"","_thinkrank_twitter_title":"","_thinkrank_twitter_description":"","_thinkrank_twitter_image":"","_thinkrank_imported_from":"","_thinkrank_focus_keywords":[],"_thinkrank_focus_keyword":"","_thinkrank_robots_meta_enabled":0,"_thinkrank_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_advanced_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_primary_category":0,"footnotes":"","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[1090,106,117,108],"tags":[1269,948],"ppma_author":[2016],"class_list":["post-10774","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-bolgesine-gore","category-kose-yazilari","category-petrol-ve-dogalgaz","category-tr","tag-enerji-sektorunu","tag-gaz-hidrat"],"yoast_head":"\nEnerji 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