{"id":10932,"date":"2022-02-09T15:06:07","date_gmt":"2022-02-09T12:06:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=10932"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:15:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:15:10","slug":"iklim-krizi-ile-mucadelenin-yolu-karbon-vergisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/iklim-krizi-ile-mucadelenin-yolu-karbon-vergisi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130klim Krizi ile M\u00fccadelenin Yolu: Karbon Vergisi"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0130BRAH\u0130M HAL\u0130L KURT<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Karbon Vergisi Nedir?<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n Karbon Vergisine \u0130htiyac\u0131 Var M\u0131?<\/p>\n

\u0130klim Krizi \u0130le M\u00fccadelede Karbon Vergisinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Durumu Nedir?<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

 <\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e: KARBON VERG\u0130S\u0130 NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u00dclkeler geli\u015fmek ve var olan geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeylerini koruyabilmek ad\u0131na sanayile\u015fmeye \u00f6nem vermektedirler. K\u00fcreselle\u015fmenin de etkisiyle birlikte, \u00f6zellikle 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finden ba\u015flay\u0131p g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar sanayile\u015fme oran\u0131 d\u00fcnya genelinde artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Modern d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri olan \u00e7evre kirlili\u011finin nedenlerinden biri ve en \u00f6nemlisi kirletici sanayidir. Sanayi tesislerinin i\u015fletilmesinde kullan\u0131lan yak\u0131tlar genellikle hidrokarbon bazl\u0131 yak\u0131t t\u00fcrleri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in atmosfere b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. Bu durum ciddi bir \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine neden olmakta ve ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ya\u015fayan toplumlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131na ve ya\u015fam kalitelerine olumsuz bir etki b\u0131rakmakla beraber gelecek nesiller i\u00e7in ise bu durum olduk\u00e7a riskli ve hayat\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda belirsizlik durumu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015fam\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fi konusunda, toplumlar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ula\u015fabildikleri ve ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7evrenin kendilerine sundu\u011fu g\u00fczellikleri korumak ve bu kaliteyi ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde gelecek nesiller ile bulu\u015fturmay\u0131 misyon edinmi\u015f devletler kendi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evre ile tutarl\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirip, uygulamay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evre konusundaki endi\u015feler ilk olarak 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stockholm Konferans\u0131\u2019nda konu\u015fulmu\u015f ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmu\u015ftur.[1]<\/a>1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rio Konferans\u0131 ve daha sonra 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019nde d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndemine getirilen karbon emisyonlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklili\u011finin alt\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f ve \u00f6ncelik verilmi\u015ftir. Emisyonlar\u0131 azaltma konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u00e7lar g\u00fcndeme getirilmi\u015f ve bunlardan birisi de karbon vergisidir.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Karbon Vergisi<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Petrol, do\u011falgaz, k\u00f6m\u00fcr gibi karbon bazl\u0131 yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yanmas\u0131 sonucu atmosfere yay\u0131lan karbondioksit emisyon miktar\u0131 kadar al\u0131nan bir vergi t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu tip fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu, \u00fcretim end\u00fcstrisinde bulunan \u00fcreticiler \u00e7evreye ve atmosfere verdikleri zarar dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n miktar\u0131 kadar vergi \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcrler[3]<\/a>. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki \u00e7evresel sorunlar\u0131n ciddi seviyelere ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam kalitelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve gelecek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlikelerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi konusunda hemfikir olmu\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle bu durum h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve temiz enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda m\u00fczakerelere itmi\u015ftir. Ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmesi, buzullar\u0131n eriyor olmas\u0131, beklenmeyen do\u011fa olaylar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gibi say\u0131s\u0131z etmen, k\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesinde karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmakla birlikte, emisyonlar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki se\u00e7eneklerden birisi karbon vergisi olup bir di\u011feri ise emisyon ticareti sistemleridir. Karbon vergisi, bir \u00e7e\u015fit kirlilik vergisi olup emisyonlar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 daha pahal\u0131 hale getirmektedir. Bu durum i\u015fletmelerin temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ge\u00e7melerini sa\u011flamak ve ayn\u0131 zamanda enerji verimlili\u011finin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 da tetiklemektedir. Karbon vergisi ayr\u0131ca alternatif olan temiz enerjiyi, kirletici yak\u0131tlara g\u00f6re daha rekabet\u00e7i bir enerjiye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmektedir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1: Yak\u0131tlar\u0131n Milyon Btu Ba\u015f\u0131na Toplam CO2<\/sub> Sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131ndaki Paylar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: U.S Energy Information Administration[5]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Grafikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi en \u00e7ok karbondioksit sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yak\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fc k\u00f6m\u00fcr (antrasit), di\u011ferlerine oranla en az sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren yak\u0131t t\u00fcr\u00fc ise do\u011falgazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Karbon Fiyatland\u0131rmas\u0131 Nedir?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kirletici yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda \u00e7evreye verilen zarar\u0131n tekrar temizlenmesi ad\u0131na \u00f6denen \u00fccrettir. Bu yak\u0131tlar\u0131 kullananlar\u0131n tercihlerinde; faaliyetlere son vermek, emisyonlar\u0131 azaltmak veya para \u00f6demeye devam etmek bulunur. Karbon \u00fccretlendirilmesi ayn\u0131 zamanda temiz teknolojiyi ve inovasyonu te\u015fvik ederek, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck karbon sal\u0131n\u0131ml\u0131 ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin itici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yanmas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sera gaz\u0131n\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki etkisi, ekolojik dengenin bozulmas\u0131, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma gibi sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyal maliyetlerin iktisadi bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bu gibi olumsuzluklar co\u011frafyay\u0131 farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde etkiledi\u011finden, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan maliyet de farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yale \u00dcniversitesinin ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re global \u00f6l\u00e7ekteki y\u0131ll\u0131k maliyeti 1,6 Trilyon $ olarak belirtilmektedir.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130ki tip karbon fiyatland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r; emisyon ticareti sistemleri (ETS) ve karbon vergileri. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ecofys Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k \u015eirketi (\u015fimdiki ad\u0131yla Guidehouse) uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile haz\u0131rlanan karbon fiyatland\u0131rma yay\u0131n\u0131 bu alanda analizler sunmaktad\u0131r.[7]<\/a> Karbon vergisi ile emisyon ticaret sistemi aras\u0131ndaki farka bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, karbon vergisinde karbona bi\u00e7ilen fiyat garanti edilebiliyor iken emisyon ticaret sistemlerinde emisyonlar belli bir \u00fcst kota ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00dcst s\u0131n\u0131r ticaretinde, Emisyon Ticaret Sistemleri (ETS) emisyonlar i\u00e7in bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r belirlenmesini ve var olan izinlerinin fosil yak\u0131t kullanan kullan\u0131c\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ticareti sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. ETS, toplam sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda emisyon sa\u011flayan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emisyonlu end\u00fcstrilerin sahip oldu\u011fu izinlerini daha b\u00fcy\u00fck emisyon sa\u011flayan kullan\u0131c\u0131lara satmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar ve arz – talep i\u00e7erisinde sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in piyasa fiyat\u0131 belirler.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

Karbon vergisi \u00fclkelerin sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir ara\u00e7 olmakla beraber ayn\u0131 zamanda teknolojik geli\u015fmeleri h\u0131zland\u0131rabilir ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilir. Ayr\u0131ca fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 sonucu \u00fcreticilerin karbon vergisi \u00f6deyecek olmas\u0131, daha maliyetli \u00fcretilmesine sebep olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdeki fiyat\u0131n artmas\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r. Bu durum ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcketicileri de etkileyebilmektedir. Ekonomik kalk\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nma hedefi i\u00e7erisindeki \u00fclkeler s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nman\u0131n sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00fcretime devam etmeleri gerekmektedir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda daha temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelerek bunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek zorundad\u0131rlar. Karbon vergisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fclkelerin elde ettikleri gelirlerin daha temiz enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na harcanmas\u0131, enerji verimlili\u011fi konusuna \u00f6nem verilmesi ve fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketicilerine emisyonlar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in te\u015fvikler verilmelidir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2: Uygulama \u0130\u00e7in Planlanan ve \u0130ncelenen B\u00f6lgesel, Ulusal ve Ulus Alt\u0131 Karbon Fiyatland\u0131rma Giri\u015fimlerinin \u00d6zet Haritas\u0131 (ETS ve Karbon Vergisi):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: World Bank Group, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021, Washington DC, 2021<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2\u2019de i\u015faret edilen b\u00f6lgeler; AB i\u00e7erisinde ETS ve karbon vergisi uygulanmakta olan ve uygulanmas\u0131 planlanan \u00fclkelerin bulundu\u011fu, ye\u015fil alan i\u00e7erisindeki b\u00f6lgelerde ETS uyguland\u0131 veya planland\u0131\u011f\u0131, turuncu b\u00f6lgelerde ETS veya karbon vergisi konusu inceleme alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, mor b\u00f6lgelerde ise uygulanan veya planlanan b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3: Karbon Fiyatland\u0131rma Giri\u015fimlerindeki Uygulanan Fiyatlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: World Bank Group, State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021, Washington DC, 2021<\/em><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 3\u2019de, karbon fiyatlar\u0131nda, \u00fclkelerin belirledikleri 1 ton karbondioksitten al\u0131nan vergi miktarlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir ve en y\u00fcksek \u00fccret 137 dolar ile \u0130sve\u00e7 (karbon vergisi), 101 dolar ile \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Lihten\u015ftayn (karbon vergisi) fiyat\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya\u2019n\u0131n Karbon Vergisine \u0130htiyac\u0131 Var M\u0131?\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde artan sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n atmosferi kirletmesi, do\u011fal ya\u015fam d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcne olumsuz etkileri, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma gibi bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin hemfikir oldu\u011fu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n var olan g\u00fcncel sorunlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda belki de en \u00f6nde geleni olarak kabul edebiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131n\u0131, geleceklerinin s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilir olmas\u0131 ve bunu gelecek nesillere \u015fu anki kaliteden \u00f6d\u00fcn vermeden aktar\u0131lmas\u0131nda ortak paydada bulu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylesine ciddi bir k\u00fcresel problem, bir\u00e7ok olumsuz sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilecek olmas\u0131 toplumlar\u0131 birlikte hareket ederek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmeye itmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 4: Karbondioksit Emisyonlar\u0131 \u0130lk 5 \u00dclke, T\u00fcrkiye ve D\u00fcnya Toplam\u0131 (Milyon Ton Karbondioksit):<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021[10]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde t\u00fcketilen enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu fosil yak\u0131tlar olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin giderek artmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 da do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. Yukar\u0131daki tabloda verilmi\u015f olan karbondioksit emisyonlar\u0131 oranlar\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck paya sahip \u00c7in, son y\u0131llarda giderek art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektedir. D\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki \u00fclkelerin kimi emisyonlar\u0131 azalt\u0131rken kimilerinin artt\u0131rmaya devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine de\u011finecek olursak, d\u00fcnyam\u0131za gelen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kadar\u0131 tekrar yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yans\u0131maktad\u0131r ve sera gaz\u0131 olarak bilenen gazlar sayesinde tekrar yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden yans\u0131yan g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 geriye g\u00f6ndermektedir. B\u00f6ylelikle ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131k artmaktad\u0131r.[11]<\/a> Bug\u00fcn karbondioksit oran\u0131 413,73 ppm\u2019e ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli\u2019ne (IPCC) g\u00f6re sera gaz\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f ilk olarak karbon bazl\u0131 yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ve daha sonra gelen di\u011fer etmen ise arazilerdeki a\u011fa\u00e7s\u0131zla\u015fmadan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 5: D\u00fcnya \u00dczerindeki Y\u0131ll\u0131k PPM De\u011fi\u015fimi:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: Earth System Research Laboratory Global Monitoring Division[13]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Veriler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir ki d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki s\u0131cakl\u0131k gittik\u00e7e artmakta ve emisyon azaltma hedeflerine ula\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde artmaya devam edecektir. \u0130klim krizi sadece s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131ndan de\u011fil buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kurakl\u0131k, kuvvetli ya\u011f\u0131\u015flar, f\u0131rt\u0131nalar, buzullardaki erime ve b\u00f6ylelikle deniz suyu seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi veya ekosistemin bozulmas\u0131 gibi bir\u00e7ok nedenin birle\u015fmesi sonucudur.<\/p>\n

Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131, 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen BM\u0130D\u00c7S 21. Taraflar Konferans\u0131\u2019nda kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Anla\u015fma, 5 Ekim 2016 itibariyle, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n %55\u2019ini olu\u015fturan en az 55 taraf\u0131n anla\u015fmay\u0131 onaylamas\u0131 sonucunda 4 Kas\u0131m 2016\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

Anla\u015fman\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yenilenebilir enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlara y\u00f6nelme, k\u00fcresel s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131l sonuna kadar 2 C\u00b0 ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi maddeleri i\u00e7ermektedir.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

Fakat d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki emisyonlardaki art\u0131\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli (IPCC)\u2019nin yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapora g\u00f6re (Politikac\u0131lar \u00d6zeti) \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 1,5 C\u00b0 derecede s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fine ve toplumun her alan\u0131nda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir de\u011fi\u015fimin gereklili\u011fine de\u011finilmi\u015ftir.[16]<\/a><\/p>\n

Hedeflerin kar\u015f\u0131lanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylelikle s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir kalk\u0131nman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015femeyece\u011fi fikirlerinden dolay\u0131 art\u0131k 2 C\u00b0 yerine bu s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere aciliyeti ve \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neri olarak 1,5 C\u00b0\u2019ye indirilmesi tavsiye edilmi\u015ftir. Raporda, hedefler aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 ortaya koymak amac\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 2100 itibar\u0131yla 1,5 C\u00b0 bir \u0131s\u0131nmada deniz seviyesindeki y\u00fckselme, 2 C\u00b0 dereceye g\u00f6re k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 10 cm daha az olmas\u0131 beklenmektedir. Kuzey Buz Denizi\u2019nin yaz mevsiminde buz tutma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 100 senede 1 iken, 2 C\u00b0\u2019lik hedefte bu durum 10 senede en az bir kere ya\u015fanabilecek. Mercan kayal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kaybedilmesi %70 ila 90 aras\u0131nda iken 2 C\u00b0\u2019de tamam\u0131n\u0131n yok olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtiliyor.[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015eekil 6: K\u00fcresel Ortalama Y\u00fczey S\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Fark\u0131n D\u00fcnya \u00dczerinden G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Kaynak: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[18]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\u0130klim krizinin d\u00fcnyaya verece\u011fi zarar sadece \u00e7evre konular\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda dikkat \u00e7eken ve \u00f6nemli bir sorun haline gelecek olan \u2018\u2019\u0130klim M\u00fcltecileri\u2019\u2019 konusu da yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130klim krizinin \u00e7evreyi olumsuz etkilemesinden dolay\u0131 deniz suyu seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi, kurakl\u0131k, f\u0131rt\u0131nalar veya y\u00fcksek ya\u011f\u0131\u015f miktarlar\u0131 gibi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011facak olmas\u0131 ve bunun takibinde ise olumsuz \u00e7evresel fakt\u00f6rlerden etkilenen co\u011frafyalarda ya\u015fayan topluluklar, evlerini terk etmek zorunda kal\u0131p yeni bir hayat kurmak zorunda kalarak iklim m\u00fcltecisi olabilme tehlikesi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 7: Antarktika ve Gr\u00f6nland b\u00f6lgesindeki buz k\u00fctlelerindeki de\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\"\"<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: Global Climate Change NASA[19]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Grafik de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi 2002 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana Gr\u00f6nland ve Antarktika b\u00f6lgelerindeki var olan buz k\u00fctleleri k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n da etkisi ile yok olmaktad\u0131r ve bu durum deniz suyu seviyesinde de art\u0131\u015fa sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Erimenin boyutunu daha iyi anlamak i\u00e7in bir \u00f6rnek verilecek olursa, her saniyede bir 1 olimpik havuz, her iki g\u00fcnde bir ise 400 bin olimpik havuz b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde buzullar erimektedir.[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u015eekil 8: K\u00fcresel deniz seviyesindeki de\u011fi\u015fim:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Kaynak: Global Climate Change NASA[21]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel deniz seviyesindeki son \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler 15 Ocak 1993\u2019ten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan zaman i\u00e7erisinde yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 93 mm y\u00fckseldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7evresel olumsuzluklardan etkilenecek yerler aras\u0131nda ilk olarak Banglade\u015f, Maldivler, Latin Amerika ve Haiti gibi etraf\u0131 denizler ile \u00e7evrili olan b\u00f6lgeler \u00fczerinde beklenmektedir. G\u00fcncel durumda bu tip \u00fclkelerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131ndaki deniz sular\u0131n\u0131n veya nehirlerdeki y\u00fckselmenin sebebiyle s\u00fcrekli yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmek zorunda kalan insanlar bulunmaktad\u0131r.[22]<\/a> Bilim adamlar\u0131, sadece Banglade\u015f’in iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ya\u015fanacak sel felaketlerinin 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar topraklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 17’sini kaybetmesine sebep olaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu durum 20 milyon kadar iklim m\u00fcltecisinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini tahmin etmektedirler.[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0130klim g\u00f6\u00e7menleri, uluslararas\u0131 m\u00fclteci yasalar\u0131na g\u00f6re m\u00fclteci stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde yer almamakta ve gelecekte \u00e7evresel fakt\u00f6rler dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile belirli co\u011frafyalarda ya\u015fayan toplumlar\u0131n iklim g\u00f6\u00e7meni olabilece\u011fi tam olarak bilinememekte ve sadece tahminler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir. Bu durum hem etkilenen \u00fclke i\u00e7in hem de o \u00fclkenin do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 krizlerden dolay\u0131 bir ba\u015fka \u00fclkede de krizlere sebep olabilecektir.[24]<\/a><\/p>\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedenlerinden biri olan fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere d\u00fcnyay\u0131 olumsuz bir bi\u00e7imde etkilemektedir. Bunun do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar, tek bir b\u00f6lgeyi veya \u00fclkeyi ilgilendirmedi\u011finden toplumlar k\u00fcresel bir y\u00f6neti\u015fim sistemi meydana getirmek zorundad\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n belirli bir noktas\u0131nda \u00e7evreye olan olumsuz etki asl\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendirmektedir. Bundan dolay\u0131 \u00fclkeler en az\u0131ndan her toplumu ilgilendiren bu krizin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde ortak hareket edebilmeli ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma hedeflerini devam ettirmelidirler.<\/p>\n

\u0130klim ve \u00e7evre konular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya g\u00fcndemine ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel s\u00fcrecinden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze de\u011fin ilerlemeler kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Fakat bu ilerleme s\u00fcreci asl\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa yava\u015flatmaktan ibarettir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, ilerlemeler aras\u0131nda fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 sayesinde sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve yenilenebilir enerjiye do\u011fru \u00fclkelerin y\u00f6nelimlerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir. Karbon vergisi ile fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, vergiyi ve emisyon ticaret sistemlerini kullanan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in sa\u011flanabildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e daha fazla \u00fclke bu krizin ciddiyetine var\u0131p h\u0131zl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde karbon vergisi gibi emisyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme hedefleri i\u00e7erisindedir.<\/p>\n

Hedeflerin daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi ad\u0131na fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminden al\u0131nacak olan verginin sekt\u00f6r alan\u0131 geni\u015fletilmelidir. K\u00fcresel iklim krizi t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ilgilendirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyen \u00fclkelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu konuda bir tehdit olu\u015fturmakta ve bu durumda uluslararas\u0131 bir bask\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, emisyonlar\u0131 azaltma konusunda karbon vergisini bu \u00fclkelere getirebilir potansiyeldedir.<\/p>\n

Karbon vergisi fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflerini i\u00e7ermektedir fakat bu konu \u00fczerinde toplan\u0131lacak olan verginin nereye ve nas\u0131l harcanaca\u011f\u0131 sorununu da bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Genel fikir verginin ortak bir y\u00f6neti\u015fimde toplan\u0131lacak olmas\u0131 de\u011fil \u00fclkelerin toplayaca\u011f\u0131 vergilerin tekrar \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde harcanmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. \u00a0B\u00f6yle bir durumda \u00fclkeler toplad\u0131klar\u0131 vergiyi enerji verimlili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131ndaki yat\u0131r\u0131mlara aktar\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenebilir.<\/p>\n

Karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaktan geliyor olmas\u0131 ve bu kaynaklar \u00fczerindeki emisyon s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek, her biri i\u00e7in teknolojiler belirlemek ve her birine ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yapmak olduk\u00e7a zor olaca\u011f\u0131ndan genel olarak emisyon sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re vergi al\u0131nacak olmas\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrebilir durumdad\u0131r.[25]<\/a> Karbon vergisi ayn\u0131 zamanda emisyon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131c\u0131 teknolojilerin geli\u015fmesinde de itici bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur. Genel bir de\u011ferlendirme ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iklim krizi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olmas\u0131 ve bunun \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesi amac\u0131yla fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n hedefiyle olu\u015fturulan bir vergi t\u00fcr\u00fc olan karbon vergisine, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve bu vergi t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc kullanan \u00fclkeler k\u00fcmesine yeni \u00fclkelerin kat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0130klim Krizi \u0130le M\u00fccadelede Karbon Vergisinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Durumu<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Geli\u015fmekte olan bir \u00fclke olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de artan enerji t\u00fcketimi dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile atmosfere sal\u0131nan sera gaz\u0131 miktar\u0131 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artmakta olan ve karbon bazl\u0131 kaynaklar konusunda enerji fakiri olan T\u00fcrkiye, ithalata ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir haldedir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki iklim krizinin \u00f6nemini anlam\u0131\u015f olan T\u00fcrkiye, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma hedeflerine ula\u015fabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7evre politikalar\u0131na da \u00f6nem vermektedir. Fakat hen\u00fcz karbon vergisi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de uygulanmamaktad\u0131r. Karbon vergisini uygulamaya ge\u00e7irmi\u015f baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f yerine y\u00fckselmenin olmas\u0131, karbon vergisi uygulay\u0131p geli\u015fmi\u015f olan \u00fclkelerin \u00fcretim faaliyetlerini ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olan \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri i\u00e7in bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye de gelecekte bu tip \u00fclke k\u00fcmesi i\u00e7erisinde yer almamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn emisyon ticaretine konu olan esneklik mekanizmalar\u0131ndan yararlanam\u0131yorsa da bu mekanizmalardan ayr\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015flem g\u00f6ren, \u00e7evresel ve sosyal sorumluluk ilkesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kurulmu\u015f G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasas\u0131\u2019na y\u00f6nelik projeler uzun s\u00fcredir geli\u015ftirilmekte ve uygulanmaktad\u0131r.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 geli\u015ftiren projelere sahiptir. Sahip oldu\u011fu bu durum ile d\u00fcnyadaki karbon piyasas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir paya sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbe ile gelecek d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in global karbon piyasalar\u0131na kat\u0131l\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir f\u0131rsat olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 2014 verilerine g\u00f6re toplam 308 proje bulundurmakta ve bu projelerden y\u0131ll\u0131k 20 Milyon tCO2<\/sub> de\u011ferinde sera gaz\u0131 emisyon azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eekil 11: Projelerin sekt\u00f6rlere g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekildedir. (18.04.2014 tarihi itibariyle):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proje T\u00fcr\u00fc<\/td>\nSay\u0131s\u0131<\/td>\nY\u0131ll\u0131k Emisyon Azalt\u0131m\u0131 (tCO2<\/sub>\/y\u0131l)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hidroelektrik Santrali<\/td>\n159<\/td>\n8.747.634<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
R\u00fczg\u00e2r Santrali<\/td>\n106<\/td>\n7.951.391<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
At\u0131ktan Enerji T\u00fcketimi<\/td>\n27<\/td>\n3.069.273<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Enerji Verimlili\u011fi<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n432.081<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Jeotermal<\/td>\n6<\/td>\n405.309<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TOPLAM<\/td>\n308<\/td>\n20.605.688<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Kaynak: T.C. \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131[28]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geli\u015ftirilen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasas\u0131 projelerinde y\u0131ll\u0131k emisyon azaltma de\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re, grafikten anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi hidroelektrik santrallerinin ve r\u00fczg\u00e2r santralleri paylar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr. Enerji kalemi i\u00e7erisinde sadece yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerde de geni\u015flemeler sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasas\u0131ndaki projelerin net bir say\u0131s\u0131 bunun \u00fczerindeki karbonun de\u011feri konusundaki bilinmezlik durumuna g\u00f6re var olan g\u00f6stergeler, faaliyette veya haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131ndaki projeler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir potansiyele i\u015faret etmekte ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla Gold standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re geli\u015ftirilmektedir. VER+ ve VCS standartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re geli\u015ftirilen projeler de mevcuttur.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, 17.05.2014\u2019de ve 29003 say\u0131l\u0131 Resmi Gazete \u2019de yay\u0131mlanan Sera Gaz\u0131 Emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n Takip edilmesi konusundaki y\u00f6netmelikle 2016 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131nda emisyonlar\u0131n tesisler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hesaplanmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 zamanda Karbon Piyasalar\u0131na Haz\u0131rl\u0131k Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (PMR) projesi i\u00e7erisinde ise emisyon ticaretinin de dahil oldu\u011fu karbon piyasa mekanizma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ulusal \u00f6l\u00e7ekte incelenerek karar vericilere d\u00f6n\u00fck bulgular\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir.[30]<\/a> Karbon Piyasalar\u0131na Haz\u0131rl\u0131k Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (PMR) T\u00fcrkiye Projesi kapsam\u0131nda, Mart 2017 tarihinden itibaren karbon fiyatland\u0131rma politikalar\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi amac\u0131 ile modelleme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye de karbon vergisinin uygulanabilirli\u011fi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum ve ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve geli\u015ftirilen projelere sahiptir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum ve fark\u0131ndal\u0131k projesi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum alan\u0131nda kapasitenin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 BM ortak program\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Seyhan havzas\u0131 iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum hibe program\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[32]<\/a><\/p>\n

Devam eden projelerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ulusal bildirimlerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 projesi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi iki y\u0131ll\u0131k raporlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 projesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi alan\u0131nda kapasite geli\u015ftirme projesi, sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n izlenmesi mekanizmas\u0131na destek projesi, karbon piyasas\u0131na haz\u0131rl\u0131k i\u00e7in ortakl\u0131k program\u0131 (PMR) bulunmaktad\u0131r.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

T.C \u00c7evre, \u015eehircilik ve \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tamamlanan projeleri \u015fu \u015fekildedir; \u2018\u2019Ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tamamlanan projeler; XPS (extr\u00fcde polistren)\u00a0 k\u00f6p\u00fck panel \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde pilot projesi, hidrokloroflorokarbonlar\u0131n (HCFC\u2019lerin) PU sandvi\u00e7 yal\u0131t\u0131m panelleri imalat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan PU sert k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00fcretiminde HCFC-141b ve XPS k\u00f6p\u00fck \u00fcretiminde HCFC 142b ile HCFC sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015femsiye yat\u0131r\u0131m projesi, kurumsal kapasitenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesi projesi (5.a\u015fama), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kullan\u0131lan florlu gaz kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin teknik yard\u0131m ve ilgili y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin uyumla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 projesi (SE\u0130) yer almakta[34]<\/strong><\/a> ve devam eden projeler olarak ozon tabakas\u0131n\u0131 incelten maddelerin bertaraf\u0131na y\u00f6nelik pilot proje, hidrokloroflorokarbon (HCFC) gazlar\u0131n\u0131n sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6netim plan\u0131 projesi (HPMP), kurumsal kapasitenin g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesi projesi (6.a\u015fama) bulunmaktad\u0131r.\u2019\u2019[35]<\/strong><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 ve De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kullan\u0131lan karbon bazl\u0131 yak\u0131tlar\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcketimi h\u0131zl\u0131 bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak karbon sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n da art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir. Sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucunda atmosferdeki ve \u00e7evredeki kirlilik bir iklim krizini tetiklemi\u015ftir. Art\u0131k d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde yer alan en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan birisi durumdaki iklim krizi, \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma hedeflerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engel ve tehdit olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Sorunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve k\u00fcresel bir etkisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fclkelerin bu konuda ortak bir politika geli\u015ftirmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir dizi \u00f6nlem al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00f6nlemler aras\u0131nda, vergi t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7erisinde yeni say\u0131labilecek bir vergi t\u00fcr\u00fc olan \u2018\u2019karbon vergisi\u2019\u2019 eklenmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e karbon vergisi ve emisyon ticaret sistemleri k\u00fcmesine kat\u0131lan \u00fclke say\u0131s\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketiminin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan karbon vergisi, \u00e7evrenin kirletilmesi sonucu tekrar temizlenmesi i\u00e7in al\u0131nan iktisadi bir pay olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Emisyonlar\u0131 azaltma konusunda \u00f6nemli bir paya sahip olan karbon vergisinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ortak bir k\u00fcresel y\u00f6neti\u015fim sa\u011flan\u0131p, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in te\u015fvik edilmelidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 bir iklim krizini tetikledi\u011fi i\u00e7in, sorun t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ortak sorunu halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sorunun fark\u0131nda olan ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00e7abalayan toplumlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 karbon vergisi ve emisyon ticaret sistemlerini kullanan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaktad\u0131r fakat k\u00fcresel olarak sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emisyonlar\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u00fclkelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle s\u0131f\u0131r toplaml\u0131 oyuna d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve\/veya \u00e7evresel ama\u00e7lar yerine adeta ekonomik hedeflere hizmet eder hale gelmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel ama\u00e7lar hedeflenerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve iklim krizini \u00f6nleme amac\u0131yla kullan\u0131lmas\u0131; fosil yak\u0131tlar ve fosil yak\u0131tl\u0131 sekt\u00f6rler vergilendirilip sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re vergilendirme yap\u0131l\u0131r ve bu vergilendirme \u00fclkelerin ekonomisine g\u00f6re belirlenir ise daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve sanayile\u015fme ile geli\u015fen T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6neriler olarak; vergilendirme k\u0131sm\u0131nda fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n her birinin karbon sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in her birine ayr\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmal\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin k\u00fcresel karbon piyasas\u0131 ile rekabet edilebilir hale gelmesinde destek vermek ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli te\u015fvikler veya muafiyetler getirilmeli ve b\u00f6ylelikle teknolojik geli\u015fme ile sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131n\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n itici g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn desteklenmesi, karbon emisyonunun azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 hedeflerinde sekt\u00f6rel yelpazenin geni\u015f tutulmas\u0131, k\u00fcresel karbon vergisi ve emisyon ticaret sistemlerine kat\u0131lmak, ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya ile ortak hedeflerin bilincinden \u015fa\u015fmamak i\u00e7in projelere devam etmesi, elde edilecek olan vergi gelirlerinin toplan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda denetleme mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, vergilerin enerji verimlili\u011fi ve temiz enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, bakanl\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumun takip edilmesi ad\u0131na bir veri havuzu olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ve eri\u015fime a\u00e7mas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> \u0130brahim Organ, Taha Emre \u00c7ift\u00e7i, Karbon Vergisi, <\/em>i\u00e7inde: Borchiellini, Romano\/Massardo, Aristide, F.\/Santarelli, Massimo (2002);\u201cEnergy Conversion and Management\u201d, Ni\u011fde \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u0130BF Dergisi, 2013, Cilt: 6, Say\u0131: 1, s.82<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Sibel Bal\u0131, Gizem Yayl\u0131, \u2018\u2019Karbon Vergisinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Uygulanabilirli\u011fi\u2019\u2019, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Sekt\u00f6r Sosyal Ekonomi Dergisi<\/em>, Cilt:54, Say\u0131:1, (2019), s.306<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a>\u0130brahim Organ, Taha Emre \u00c7ift\u00e7i, Karbon Vergisi, <\/em>i\u00e7inde: Borchiellini, Romano\/Massardo, Aristide, F.\/Santarelli, Massimo (2002);\u201cEnergy Conversion and Management\u201d, Ni\u011fde \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u0130BF Dergisi, 2013, Cilt: 6, Say\u0131: 1, s.86<\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Sarah Dowdey, \u2018\u2019How Carbon Tax Works\u2019\u2019, www.science.howstuffworks.com<\/a>, https:\/\/science.howstuffworks.com\/environmental\/green-science\/carbon-tax.htm<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/tools\/faqs\/faq.php?id=73&t=11<\/a><\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> \u2018\u2019\u0130klimi Koruman\u0131n Bedeli\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/www.csb.gov.tr\/iklimi-korumanin-bedeli-makale<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> \u2018\u2019\u0130klimi Koruman\u0131n Bedeli\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/www.csb.gov.tr\/iklimi-korumanin-bedeli-makale, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> \u2018\u2019\u0130klimi Koruman\u0131n Bedeli\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/www.csb.gov.tr\/iklimi-korumanin-bedeli-makale<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> \u2018\u2019 Pricing Carbon\u2019\u2019, The World Bank, https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/pricing-carbon<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a> https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2019-CO2-emissions.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

[11]<\/a> \u2018\u2019 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi\u2019\u2019, World Wide Fund For Nature, https:\/\/www.wwf.org.tr\/ne_yapiyoruz\/iklim_degisikligi_ve_enerji\/iklim_degisikligi\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 17.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a> \u2018\u2019 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi\u2019\u2019, World Wide Fund For Nature, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a> https:\/\/www.esrl.noaa.gov\/gmd\/ccgg\/trends\/global.html<\/a><\/p>\n

[14]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019\u2019, T.C D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/paris-anlasmasi.tr.mfa<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019\u2019, T.C D\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 18.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Summary for Policymakers\u2019\u2019, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/chapter\/spm\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 19.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a> \u2018\u20191.5\u00baC \u00d6zel Raporu Yay\u0131mland\u0131: K\u00fcresel Is\u0131nmay\u0131 1,5\u00baC\u2019de Tutmak \u0130\u00e7in Her Alanda H\u0131zl\u0131 ve Geni\u015f De\u011fi\u015fiklikler Gerekiyor\u2019\u2019, \u0130klim Haber, https:\/\/www.iklimhaber.org\/1-5oc-ozel-raporu-yayimlandi-kuresel-isinmayi-1-5ocde-tutmak-icin-her-alanda-hizli-ve-genis-degisiklikler-gerekiyor\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 19.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Impacts of 1,5\u00baC Global Warming on Natural and Human Systems\u2019\u2019, The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/sr15\/chapter\/chapter-3\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 19.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Ice Sheets\u2019\u2019, https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/vital-signs\/ice-sheets\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 20.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a> \u2018\u2019 Deniz Seviyesi Y\u00fckseliyor, K\u00fcresel Is\u0131nma Antarktika Buzullar\u0131n\u0131 Eritiyor\u2019\u2019, T\u00fcrk Deniz Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131, http:\/\/tudav.org\/deniz-seviyesi-yukseliyor-kuresel-isinma-antarktika-buzullarini-eritiyor\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Sea Level\u2019\u2019, https:\/\/climate.nasa.gov\/vital-signs\/sea-level\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a> Emrin \u00c7ebi, \u2018\u2019\u0130klim M\u00fcltecili\u011fi\u2019\u2019, \u0130HH \u0130nsani ve Sosyal Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Merkezi \u2013 \u0130NSAMER, 04.03.2016, https:\/\/insamer.com\/tr\/iklim-multeciligi_264.html<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[23]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Environmental refugee\u2019\u2019, National Geographic Encycloped\u0131c, https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/environmental-refugee\/<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[24]<\/a> \u2018\u20195 facts on climate migrants\u2019\u2019, United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security, https:\/\/ehs.unu.edu\/news\/news\/5-facts-on-climate-migrants.html<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[25]<\/a> Seyfi Y\u0131ld\u0131z, \u2018\u2019S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Kalk\u0131nma \u0130\u00e7in Karbon Vergisi\u2019\u2019, Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamalar\u0131 Dergisi, Cilt: 10, Say\u0131: 3, (2017), s. 341<\/p>\n

[26]<\/a> \u2018\u2019G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/iklim.csb.gov.tr\/gonullu-karbon-piyasalari-i-4391<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[27]<\/a> \u2018\u2019G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[28]<\/a> https:\/\/iklim.csb.gov.tr\/gonullu-karbon-piyasalari-i-4391<\/a><\/p>\n

[29]<\/a> G\u00fcl\u00fczar Binbo\u011fa, \u2018\u2019Uluslararas\u0131 Karbon Ticareti Ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019\u2019,\u00a0 Journal of Yasar University, Cilt:9, Say\u0131:34, (2014), s.5751-5752<\/p>\n

[30]<\/a> \u2018\u2019\u0130klimi Koruma Bedeli\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/www.csb.gov.tr\/iklimi-korumanin-bedeli-makale<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[31]<\/a> \u2018\u2019\u0130klimi Koruma Bedeli\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/www.csb.gov.tr\/iklimi-korumanin-bedeli-makale<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[32]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Tamamlanan Projeler\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/iklim.csb.gov.tr\/tamamlanan-projeler-i-4371<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[33]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Devam Eden Projeler\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/iklim.csb.gov.tr\/devam-eden-projeler-i-4372<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[34]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Ozon Tabakas\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Tamamlanan Projeler\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, https:\/\/iklim.csb.gov.tr\/ozon-tabakasinin-korunmasina-yonelik-tamamlanan-projeler-i-4401<\/a>, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n

[35]<\/a> \u2018\u2019Ozon Tabakas\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Devam Eden Projeler\u2019\u2019, T.C \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, (Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 22.10.2021)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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