{"id":11338,"date":"2022-05-12T02:55:33","date_gmt":"2022-05-11T23:55:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=11338"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:15:09","slug":"nadir-toprak-elementleri-temiz-enerjiye-gecisi-nasil-sinirlanir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/nadir-toprak-elementleri-temiz-enerjiye-gecisi-nasil-sinirlanir\/","title":{"rendered":"Nadir toprak elementleri: Temiz enerjiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>Fatih ERT\u00dcRK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fikri O\u011fuzhan \u015eENG\u00dcL<\/strong><\/p>\n

Mevl\u00fcd Erhan ALTIN<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yeni enerji teknolojilerini desteklemek i\u00e7in nadir toprak metallerine olan talep h\u0131zla artarken; d\u00fcnya, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerjiye nas\u0131l ge\u00e7ebilir?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nadir toprak elementleri (NTE) veya metalleri; ayd\u0131nlatma, t\u0131bbi radyograflar ve katalitik konvert\u00f6rlerde optik ve manyetik \u00f6zellikleri i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan 17 metalden (Lantan, seryum, praseodim, neodimyum, prometyum, samaryum, evropiyum, gadolinyum, terbiyum, disprozyum, holmiyum, erbiyum, tulyum, iterbiyum, lutesyum, itriyum, skandiyum) olu\u015fan bir gruptur.<\/p>\n

Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (BM\u0130D\u00c7S) kapsam\u0131nda, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, adaptasyonu ve finansman\u0131 hakk\u0131nda 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n hedeflerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in; Avrupa Komisyonu\u2019nun g\u00fcndeme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131 hidro, jeotermal, g\u00fcne\u015f, r\u00fczgar, gel-git ve dalga olarak kabul edilmektedir. Daha temiz, yenilenebilir enerjiyi \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir dizi teknolojide nadir toprak elementleri kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada nadir toprak metalleri, metalleri i\u00e7eren kal\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131slar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla r\u00fczgar enerjisi \u00fcretimi ve elektrikli ara\u00e7lar gibi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji uygulamalar\u0131nda giderek daha da fazla kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel ve Sosyal Konular<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nadir toprak elementlerini kullanan nihai \u00fcr\u00fcnler, daha temiz enerji \u00fcretimi ve kullan\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olurken, di\u011fer madencilik operasyonlar\u0131 gibi arazi kullan\u0131m\u0131, \u00e7evresel zarar ve ekolojik y\u00fck i\u00e7erir. Nadir toprak elementleri madencili\u011fi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 emek ve yo\u011fun enerji isterken ayn\u0131 zamanda atmosfere karbon, topra\u011fa toksinler sa\u00e7ar. C\u0131va, baryum, kur\u015fun, krom ve kadmiyum i\u00e7eren bu metallerin \u00e7o\u011fu, insanlar da dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ekosistemin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son derece zararl\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok nadir toprak cevheri yata\u011f\u0131, radyoaktif elementler i\u00e7erir. Bu da \u00e7\u0131karma ve i\u015flemeyi topra\u011fa, suya ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na zararl\u0131 hale getirir. Ayr\u0131ca, nadir toprak metallerini topraktan \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in madenlerde gerekli kimyasallar hava kirlili\u011fine neden olur ve yeralt\u0131 sular\u0131na s\u0131zabilir. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00dcniversitesi (UNU) ve D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (WHO) taraf\u0131ndan elektronik at\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7ocuk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma; kimyasal yan\u0131klar, kanser ve bodur b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile ilgili endi\u015feleri g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Bu maddelerin yok edilmesi zor ve maliyetlidir. Bu nedenle, yeniden kullan\u0131m veya yenilenme bahanesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Kuzey Amerika, \u00c7in ve Nijerya’ya ihra\u00e7 edilmektedir. Teknoloji ve di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden gelen zehirli at\u0131klar\u0131n sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerden geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere ihracat\u0131yla m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in kurulan Basel Eylem A\u011f\u0131 (BAN)’na g\u00f6re, elektronik at\u0131klar i\u015flenmekte ve \u00c7in’in Guangdong eyaletindeki konutlar\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131ndaki nehirlere d\u00f6k\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7in’in Nadir Topraklar \u00dczerindeki Hakimiyeti<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nadir toprak metallerinin a\u00e7\u0131k ara \u00f6nde gelen \u00fcreticisi \u00c7in’dir ve ikinci s\u0131rada olan Avustralya’dan d\u00f6rt kat daha fazla \u00fcretim yapmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 1: 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibari ile nadir toprak elementleri \u00fcretiminin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda \u00fclkelere g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Kaynak: Garside, M. (2022, January 1). Rare earths: Production share by country 2021. Statista. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/270277\/mining-of-rare-earths-by-country\/<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00c7in’in ayn\u0131 zamanda en \u00f6nde gelen t\u00fcketici ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck rezerv deposunun sahibi olmas\u0131 Avrupa Komisyonu’nun tedarik zinciri riskine en \u00e7ok maruz kalan hammaddelerin bir listesini haz\u0131rlamas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n

\u015eekil 2: Avrupa Komisyonu’nun haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzeme ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve mevcut tedarik riskleri<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Kaynak: Bobba, Silvia & Carrara, S & Huisman, Jaco (2020). Critical Raw Materials for Strategic Technologies and Sectors in the EU – A Foresight Study. 10.2873\/58081. Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, \u00c7in’deki nadir toprak metal madencili\u011finin \u00e7evresel maliyetinin, \u00f6zellikle yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 madencilik nedeniyle faydalar\u0131ndan daha a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buldu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k yetkililer, yeni d\u00fczenlemeler dahil olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nlemler ald\u0131. \u00c7inli yetkililer artan akci\u011fer ve beyin kanseri, solunum ve kalp hastal\u0131klar\u0131n sonucunda su, hava ve toprak kirlili\u011fini ele almaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Yetkililer taraf\u0131ndan nadir toprak elementleri end\u00fcstrisi, \u015firketler ve t\u00fcketicilere temizleme maliyetini payla\u015fma \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 piyasa fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131ran d\u00fczeltici \u00f6nlemlerle sonu\u00e7lanabilir. Arz etkilenirse, \u00c7in ile Japonya aras\u0131ndaki bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n baz\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131n 30 kat artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2011’de oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6nemli piyasa de\u011fi\u015fkenli\u011fine yol a\u00e7abilir. Bu arka plana kar\u015f\u0131, baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler \u00c7in tedarikine olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

ABD, nadir toprak metalleri ithalat\u0131n\u0131n %80’ini \u00c7in’den ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. Trump y\u00f6netimi f\u00fczeler gibi askeri te\u00e7hizat i\u00e7in gerekli olduklar\u0131ndan, yerli nadir toprak madenlerini ve i\u015fleme tesislerini destekleme plan\u0131n\u0131 devreye alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2019 Kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda duyurulan bir anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re; ABD ve Avustralya, nadir toprak elementleri gibi “kritik mineral varl\u0131klar\u0131” geli\u015ftirme yeteneklerini artt\u0131racak. Bu te\u015fvikler sayesinde Bat\u0131 Teksas’ta ke\u015ffedilen bir maden sahas\u0131, ABD’ye 130 y\u0131ll\u0131k 17 nadir toprak elementinin 15’ini tedarik edebilir.<\/p>\n

Arz\u0131n\u0131n %58’ini \u00c7in’den ithal eden Japonya, \u00f6nemli rezervleri olan bir Avustralya madenine 20 milyon yen (182 milyon $) yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da nadir toprak elementi kayna\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffetti. Ancak bu maden, su alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 hasebiyle geleneksel y\u00f6ntemlerle i\u015flenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Derin deniz madencili\u011fi, arz\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlendirmenin ba\u015fka bir yolu olarak ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ancak; \u00e7evreciler, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck etkili \u00e7\u0131karma y\u00f6ntemlerinin bile onlarca y\u0131l s\u00fcren hasara neden olabilece\u011fini iddia etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Madencili\u011fin \u00f6tesinde \u00c7in, mineral zenginle\u015ftirme ve kapasitede piyasan\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k %85’ini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. ABD’nin Ekim ay\u0131nda Tayvan’a silah satmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00c7in, Tayvan’\u0131n nadir toprak elementleri ithalat\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamakla tehdit etti. Ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan minerallerin zenginle\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla \u00c7in’e g\u00f6nderilmesi durumu Pekin’e bu alanda hakimiyet kazand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Alternatif Aray\u0131\u015flar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu kritik minerallerden mahrum kalma korkusu hem h\u00fck\u00fcmetler hem de \u015firketler taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lmakta ve bu durum alternatif aray\u0131\u015flara yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, daha az zararl\u0131 kimyasallar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bakteri ve di\u011fer kimyasal olmayan malzemeleri kullanan ekstraksiyon y\u00f6ntemlerini hatta at\u0131k k\u00f6m\u00fcr k\u00fcl\u00fcnden nadir toprak elementleri \u00e7\u0131karma yollar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Geli\u015fmi\u015f neodimyum m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131n hibrit\u2013elektrikli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla birlikte nikel metal hibrit bataryalara olan talep artt\u0131. Tesla CEO’su Elon Musk, \u015fubat ay\u0131nda “lityum iyon h\u00fccre \u00fcretimini \u00f6l\u00e7eklendirmek i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck endi\u015femiz nikeldir” \u015feklinde bir tweet payla\u015ft\u0131 ve ABD’deki nikel \u00fcretiminin “nesnel olarak \u00e7ok yetersiz” oldu\u011funu da ekledi. Elektrikli ara\u00e7 \u00fcreticileri, m\u0131knat\u0131slar\u0131 bak\u0131r sarg\u0131larla de\u011fi\u015ftirerek veya m\u0131knat\u0131s gerektirmeyen motorlar kullanarak, nadir toprak elementlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak veya ortadan kald\u0131rmak istiyorlar.<\/p>\n

Nadir toprak metallerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 veya geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, bu elementlerin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisini azaltabilir. R\u00fczgar end\u00fcstrisinde s\u00fcper iletken jenerat\u00f6rler gibi alternatifler mevcuttur. Bunlar, yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan kal\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131knat\u0131s (PM) t\u00fcrbinlerinde nadir toprak elementinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. Bu elementleri mevcut ala\u015f\u0131mlardan ay\u0131rman\u0131n zorlu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, nadir toprak elementlerinin %1’den az\u0131 \u015fu anda geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Tedarik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmesi, sosyal ve y\u00f6neti\u015fim kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcstesinden gelinmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7evresel olarak riskli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli sanayi operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve verimli ara\u00e7lardan biri, bir kirlilik fiyatland\u0131rma plan\u0131n\u0131n veya verginin uygulanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu uygulama neticesinde karbon emisyonlar\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yorken buna benzer bir sistem, nadir toprak elementleri madencilik operasyonlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan at\u0131k sulara da uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca maden at\u0131klar\u0131, \u00e7evresel\/toplumsal hassasiyete ve potansiyel olarak etkilenen b\u00f6lgedeki de\u011fere g\u00f6re vergilendirmelidir. Madencilik operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n temel kirleticileri i\u00e7in kat\u0131 kirlilik \u00fccretleri uygulamak, kaynak \u00fcreticilerinin kirliliklerini s\u0131n\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in ek ad\u0131mlar atmas\u0131 ve b\u00f6lgesel d\u00fczenleyici \u00e7abalar i\u00e7in finansman kayna\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir pazar te\u015fviki sa\u011flayabilir. Co\u011frafyaya \u00f6zg\u00fc fiyatland\u0131rmaya sahip olmak ayn\u0131 zamanda madencili\u011fi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00e7evresel ve topluluk riski olan alanlarda yer almaya te\u015fvik eder.<\/p>\n

Maden sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn nadir toprak elementlerini ula\u015f\u0131labilir k\u0131lmak ve \u00e7evresel ve toplumsal etkilerini azaltmak i\u00e7in kullanabilecekleri birka\u00e7 yenilik\u00e7i y\u00f6ntem vard\u0131r. Bir olas\u0131l\u0131k, nadir toprak elementlerinin geleneksel olmayan rezervlerini kullanmakt\u0131r. Bu, derin okyanus birikintileri, c\u00fcruf veya demir cevheri at\u0131klar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan at\u0131k ak\u0131\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda, demir cevheri at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n nispeten y\u00fcksek NTE konsantrasyonlar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu bulunmu\u015ftur (Peelman 2018). 68 ila 404 ppm nadir toprak elementi i\u00e7erebilen k\u00f6m\u00fcr k\u00fcl\u00fc, \u00c7in’de h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan killere benzer bir NTE i\u00e7eri\u011fine sahiptir (Cook 2016). Ancak, bu se\u00e7enekle ilgili hala bir tak\u0131m \u00e7evresel endi\u015feler vard\u0131r. NTE madencili\u011finin \u00e7evresel etkisini azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik di\u011fer olas\u0131l\u0131k, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen madencilik faaliyetlerinden NTE’nin geri kazan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak da dahil olmak \u00fczere, mevcut madencilik \u00e7abalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan teknoloji ve s\u00fcre\u00e7lerin iyile\u015ftirilmesini i\u00e7erir. NTE at\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n geri kazan\u0131m yollar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek ve at\u0131k ar\u0131tma, g\u00f6let veya baraj g\u00fcvenli\u011fini iyile\u015ftirmek (daha iyi izleme, altyap\u0131 vb. gibi) (Xiang 2016) yaln\u0131zca NTE madencili\u011finden gelen radyoaktif at\u0131klar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmakla kalmaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda temiz enerjiye ge\u00e7i\u015finin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak toryum i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenilir bir pazar ortaya \u00e7\u0131karsa maliyetleri de dengeleyebilir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Referanslar<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bobba, Silvia & Carrara, S & Huisman, Jaco (2020).
\nCritical Raw Materials for Strategic Technologies and Sectors in the EU – A Foresight Study. 10.2873\/58081. Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022<\/p>\n

Cohen, A. (2021, March 12). America trails in Global Race for Rare Earth Elements. Forbes. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/arielcohen\/2021\/03\/11\/america-trails-in-global-race-for-rare-earth-elements\/?sh=50b979cb1845<\/p>\n

Church, C., & Crawford, A. (2018).\u00a0Green Conflict Minerals. International institute for sustainable development<\/p>\n

Garside, M. (2022, January 1). Rare earths: Production share by country 2021. Statista. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/270277\/mining-of-rare-earths-by-country\/<\/p>\n

Global trade alert. Intervention 63275: Japan: JOGMEC investment in Japan Australia Rare Earths BV. (2011, July 2). Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https:\/\/www.globaltradealert.org\/intervention\/63275\/capital-injection-and-equity-stakes-including-bailouts\/japan-jogmec-investment-in-japan-australia-rare-earths-b-v#:~:text=On%20June%202nd%2C%202011%2C%20Japan,Corporation%20owns%20the%20remaining%204%25.<\/p>\n

“Nadir Toprak Elementleri \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Grubu Raporu” (PDF). T.C. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Devlet Planlama Te\u015fkilat\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Madencilik \u00d6zel \u0130htisas Komisyonu. A\u011fustos 1995. 24 Ocak 2013 tarihinde kayna\u011f\u0131ndan (PDF) ar\u015fivlendi. Eri\u015fim tarihi: 4 Mayis 2022.<\/p>\n

Neu, W. (1997). About Ban. About us BAN. Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022, https:\/\/www.ban.org\/about-us<\/p>\n

\u00d6zkaya, S. Y. (2004). Uluslararas\u0131 Ekonomik Sorunlar Dergisi . Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar\u0131. Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022,
\nhttps:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklari.tr.mfa<\/p>\n

Rose, Edward Roderick (February 4, 1960).\u00a0“Rare Earths of the Grenville Sub-Province, Ontario and Quebec”<\/a>\u00a0(PDF)\u00a0(Paper 60\u20139). Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022.<\/p>\n

Salgado, P. R., Di Giorgio, L., Musso, Y. S., & Mauri, A. N. (2021). Recent developments in smart food packaging focused on biobased and biodegradable polymers.\u00a0Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems,\u00a05, 125.<\/p>\n

Tingting Zhang, Pengfei Zhang, Kun Peng, Kuishuang Feng, Pei Fang, Weiqiang Chen, Ning Zhang, Peng Wang, Jiashuo Li,Allocating environmental costs of China’s rare earth production to global consumption,Science of The Total Environment,Volume 831,2022,154934,ISSN 0048-9697\/ Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022<\/p>\n

UNU and WHO release findings from first ever global survey on E-waste’s impact on Child health. Institute for Environment and Human Security. (2014). Eri\u015fim tarihi 3 May\u0131s, 2022, https:\/\/ehs.unu.edu\/news\/news\/unu-and-who-release-findings-from-first-ever-global-survey-on-e-wastes-impact-on-child-health.html<\/p>\n

USA Rare Earth LLC. (2021, August 2). USA Rare Earth reports significant progress at its Round top mountain heavy rare earth \/ lithium \/ critical minerals project in Texas and at its Critical Minerals Processing Facility in Colorado. GlobeNewswire News Room. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https:\/\/www.globenewswire.com\/news-release\/2021\/08\/02\/2272647\/0\/en\/USA-Rare-Earth-Reports-Significant-Progress-at-Its-Round-Top-Mountain-Heavy-Rare-Earth-Lithium-Critical-Minerals-Project-in-Texas-and-at-Its-Critical-Minerals-Processing-Facility-i.html#:~:text=Round%20Top%20Mountain%2C%20located%20in,revolution%20and%20other%20advanced%20technologies<\/p>\n

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