[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nG\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\nT\u00fcrkiye – Irak ili\u015fkilerinin en somut \u00f6rnekleri yak\u0131n tarihte Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Irak, \u015fimdi oldu\u011fu gibi eskinden de \u00e7o\u011fu zaman Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki Irak\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde n\u00fcfuz olu\u015fturma \u00e7abalar\u0131ndan etkilenmi\u015ftir. \u00a0Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin do\u011fu kom\u015fusu olan \u0130ran ile ili\u015fkileri, s\u0131n\u0131r olaylar\u0131ndan do\u011fan s\u00fcrekli huzursuzluklara ra\u011fmen, 1746 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar genelde bar\u0131\u015fa dayal\u0131 \u015fekilde s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (U\u00e7arol, 2019: 155). B\u00f6lgede bir di\u011fer n\u00fcfuz m\u00fccadelesi vermi\u015f \u00fclke \u0130ngiltere\u2019dir. 20.y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere b\u00f6lgede etkinlik kurmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgenin kaderinin \u015fekillenmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck etken olan \u0130ngiltere; Kafkaslar, T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ran ve Irak \u00fczerinde bir K\u00fcrt devleti kurmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ise de bunda muvaffak olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, Musul anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 1925’de Do\u011fu Anadolu’da bir K\u00fcrt ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmaktan geri kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Orta Do\u011fu’ya iyice yerle\u015fen \u0130ngiltere, 1932’de Irak’ta \u00e7\u0131kan K\u00fcrt ayaklanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Irak’\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Y\u0131lmaz, 1998: 169). Irak\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer alan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin as\u0131l plan\u0131 Musul ve Kerk\u00fck b\u00f6lgesindeki petrollerdir. \u0130ngiltere, bir taraftan Irak\u2019\u0131 kurup, onu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fcklerken, di\u011fer taraftan imzalanan antla\u015fmalarla \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 [\u00fclkenin zenginliklerini] teminat alt\u0131na alabilmi\u015fti. 1925 y\u0131l\u0131nda Irak Petroleum Company adl\u0131 \u0130ngiliz \u015firketi ile Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda Musul petrollerini \u0130ngiliz kontrol\u00fcne b\u0131rakan ve s\u00fcresi 75 y\u0131l olan bir imtiyaz anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Anla\u015fma Irak h\u00fck\u00fcmetine \u015firkette ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yasaklarken, ton ba\u015f\u0131na belirli miktar para vermeyi h\u00fckme ba\u011fl\u0131yordu (\u015eahin; \u015eahin ve Y\u00fcce, 2014: 129). B\u00f6lgede ekonomik ba\u011flamda en \u00f6nemli m\u00fccadele petrol h\u00e2kimiyeti konusudur. Bu kapsamda bir\u00e7ok \u00f6zel veya devlet ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan petrol \u015firketi b\u00f6lgede etkinlik kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmadaki T\u00fcrkiye ve Irak ili\u015fkileri enerji-politik \u00e7er\u00e7evede incelenmektedir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015facak ve ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde yay\u0131mlanacakt\u0131r. Birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde 1980 d\u00f6nemine kadar ki konular ele al\u0131nacak, ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde 2003 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ele al\u0131nacak olup son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ki s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u015flenerek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma tamamlanacakt\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda OPEC krizi, Kerk\u00fck \u2013 Yumurtal\u0131k boru hatt\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131, \u0130ran \u2013 Irak sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ticaret verileri, 1 Mart tezkeresi ve IKBY ile g\u00fcncel ili\u015fkiler ba\u011flam\u0131nda Ba\u015fika meselesi derinlemesine incelenmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n- OPEC<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
OPEC 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1960\u2019ta ba\u015fl\u0131ca be\u015f petrol \u00fcreticisi olan \u0130ran, Kuveyt, Suudi Arabistan, Venez\u00fcella ve Irak taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftur. Kurulu\u015f a\u015famas\u0131nda pek fazla dikkate al\u0131nmayan bu \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn etkisi zaman i\u00e7erisinde giderek artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Demir, 2008: 232). \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerinde etkinli\u011fi zay\u0131f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde k\u00fcresel etkilere imza atacak hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Araplar ile \u0130srail aras\u0131nda 1973 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar d\u00f6rt sava\u015f meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Araplar ve Yahudiler aras\u0131nda 1948-1973 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan bu d\u00f6rt sava\u015fla birlikte \u0130srail devleti sadece kurulmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. Bu sava\u015flar 1973 petrol krizinin vuku bulmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebebidir. Arap devletleri ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 ma\u011flubiyetlerin bir sebebi olarak da Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin \u0130srail\u2019e vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 deste\u011fi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, ellerindeki en etkili g\u00fc\u00e7 olan petrol kozunu bu devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 kullanma yoluna gitmi\u015ftir. Bu durumun \u00f6ncelikle k\u00fcresel ekonomiye, akabinde ise modern enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fine olan etkilerine bakmakta fayda bulunmaktad\u0131r (Y\u0131lmaz ve Kalkan, 2017: 182). T\u00fcrkiye bu kapsamda \u0130srail\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 Araplar\u0131 desteklemi\u015f ve bunu somut \u00f6rneklerle g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ise 1.petrol krizinden muaf tutularak alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kriz \u00f6ncesi d\u00f6nemde Irak ile ili\u015fkilerde mesafe alamam\u0131\u015f olsa da kriz sonras\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer kazan\u0131mlar elde etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
OPEC\u2019in kurulu\u015funu takiben \u00fcye \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda var olan spesifik problemler bitmedi\u011fi gibi, bu sorunlar d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehdit edecek boyutlara bile ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, OPEC\u2019in kurucu \u00fcyesi olan Irak\u2019\u0131n 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda di\u011fer bir kurucu \u00fcye olan Kuveyt\u2019i i\u015fgal etme giri\u015fimi gibi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla OPEC \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda var olan siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar ve rejimler, \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcyelerinin uzunca bir d\u00f6nem \u00fcretim ve fiyat politikas\u0131 konusunda ortak hareket etmesini engellemi\u015fti. OPEC \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda var olan ideolojik farkl\u0131l\u0131k \u00e7o\u011fu zaman fiyatlar\u0131n yukar\u0131 m\u0131 \u00e7ekilmesi ya da ayn\u0131 seviyede kalmas\u0131 konusunda farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (Mut, 2010: 58). 1970\u2019lerde RCD (Regional Cooperation for Development; Kalk\u0131nma \u0130\u00e7in B\u00f6lgesel \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi)\u2019nin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel i\u015fbirli\u011fi, ula\u015ft\u0131rma ve ileti\u015fim alanlar\u0131nda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilerlemeye ra\u011fmen \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin aras\u0131ndaki d\u0131\u015f ticaret hacmi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6steremedi. Petrol krizinden sonra T\u00fcrkiye’nin bu durumdan duydu\u011fu rahats\u0131zl\u0131k artt\u0131. \u0130ran’dan ithal etti\u011fi ham petrol nedeniyle d\u0131\u015f ticaret dengesi \u0130ran lehine bozulmaktayd\u0131. \u0130ran’\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ihalelerden ve \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlardan da T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6nemli bir pay alam\u0131yordu. \u00d6zellikle 1970’lerin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki “ebedi dostlu\u011fun” sadece s\u00f6zde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ekonomik ili\u015fkilere yans\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindeki T\u00fcrk ele\u015ftirileri yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen, \u0130ran-Irak Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flayana kadar T\u00fcrkiye’nin arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f ticaret hacmine ula\u015f\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r\u00a0(Oran, 2001, s. 804). T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ran ve Irak aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli denge g\u00f6zeten bir politika g\u00fctmekteydi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmesi i\u00e7in T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki \u00fclke de stratejik ortak niteli\u011findeydi.<\/p>\n
\n- KERK\u00dcK \u2013 YUMURTALIK BORU HATTI ANLA\u015eMASI<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
OPEC\u2019in tek ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, pazarlama maliyetlerinde sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 indirim ve \u00fcretici \u00fclkelerdeki yabanc\u0131 \u015firketlerin, o \u00fclke h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine \u00f6dedi\u011fi y\u00fczdenin maliyet olarak g\u00f6sterilmesine son vermesiydi. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frama nedeni ise, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ve 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir petrol bollu\u011fu i\u00e7inde olmas\u0131yd\u0131 (Demir, 2009: 211). 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda Saddam H\u00fcseyin taraf\u0131ndan Irak Petrol \u015eirketi\u2019nin dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Irak petrollerinin millile\u015ftirilmesi hamlesi Irak\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgede h\u00e2kimiyet kurmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de alan a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ba\u011flamda T\u00fcrkiye stratejik ortak olunabilecek \u00fclkelerin en ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyordu. Bu y\u0131llarda sa\u011flanan y\u00fcksek petrol gelirleri sayesinde alt yap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck paralar harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, hayat standard\u0131nda da \u00f6nemli iler\u00adlemeler kaydedildi(Hut, 2013). 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye ile Irak aras\u0131nda Kerk\u00fck \u2013 Yumurtal\u0131k (Ceyhan deniz terminaline) Boru Hatt\u0131 Anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye ve Irak bu d\u00f6nemde yak\u0131nla\u015fman\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 almak i\u00e7in ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lan bu boru hatt\u0131na ilk tanker y\u00fcklemesi 25 May\u0131s 1977 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 27 A\u011fustos 1973\u2019te imzalanan Ham Petrol Boru Anla\u015fmas\u0131, Irak\u2019tan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye 20 y\u0131l s\u00fcresince ham petrol ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fenmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bu s\u00fcrenin fes edilmemesi halinde de s\u00fcre 5 y\u0131l daha uzat\u0131labilecekti. Bu anla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczerg\u00e2h\u0131 Kerk\u00fck ile D\u00f6rtyol aras\u0131nda olup, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Cizre, Mardin, Bozova ve Osmaniye\u2019den ge\u00e7ecektir. Boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu 1125 kilometre olup 625 kilometresi T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde olaca\u011f\u0131 da karara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u0130nan, 2013: 71). T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u0131m olan boru hatt\u0131 projesi i\u00e7in yakla\u015f\u0131k 400 milyon dolar harcanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu rakam\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 300 milyon dolar\u0131n\u0131n Ankara taraf\u0131ndan hatt\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in harcand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bas\u0131nda d\u00f6nemin yetkilileri taraf\u0131ndan ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Kerk\u00fck-Yumurtal\u0131k petrol boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na ilk olarak 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flansa da in\u015fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na uzun bir s\u00fcre ara verilmi\u015f olup, s\u00f6z konusu petrol boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na 1976 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekrar ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kerk\u00fck-Yumurtal\u0131k hatt\u0131n\u0131n I. Hatt\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan 641 km\u2019si T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de olmak \u00fczere toplam uzunlu\u011fu 986 km\u2019lik olan 1.Hat 1977 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve ilk tanker y\u00fcklemesi 25 May\u0131s 1977 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Boru \u00e7ap\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 40 in\u00e7 olan I. hat y\u0131ll\u0131k 35 milyon ton petrol ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesine sahiptir. Kerk\u00fck-Yumurtal\u0131k hatt\u0131n\u0131n petrol ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesini art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ikinci hatt\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmesi ile ilk hatta paralel olarak I. Hat\u2019\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131m\u0131 tamamlanan II. Hat\u2019\u0131n hizmete girmesi ile birlikte boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n toplam petrol ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesi yakla\u015f\u0131k 80 milyon ton petrole ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda kapasite artt\u0131rma karar\u0131 al\u0131nan ve yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanan II. Hat\u2019\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu hatt\u0131n boru \u00e7ap kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 46 in\u00e7 olup I. Hat\u2019tan daha fazla petrol ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesine sahiptir (Kandemir ve Tuncer, 2020: 83).<\/p>\n
\u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ekonomik ve siyasi i\u015f birli\u011finin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z konusu boru hatt\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki bir di\u011fer sorun ise \u00fclke i\u00e7erisinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ikili y\u00f6netim dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kuzey Irak\u2019tan hatta ba\u011flanan boru hatt\u0131 ile Kuzey Irak petrollerinin de Ceyhan terminaline ula\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Irak H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda, Kuzey Irak\u2019tan petrol sevkine y\u00f6nelik sorunlar devam etmekle birlikte (Altu\u011f ve Demirta\u015f, 2021: 255), boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki n\u00fcfuz olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in askeri varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da bu kapsamda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken en \u00f6nemli konular aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Uluslararas\u0131 toplumda OPEC \u00fcyelerinin k\u00fcresel petrol fiyatlar\u0131na etkisinin oldu\u011fu konusunda yayg\u0131n bir anlay\u0131\u015f mevcuttur. Bu anlay\u0131\u015f OPEC krizlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir durumdur. 20.y\u00fczy\u0131lda ekonomik ve siyasi ama\u00e7lar d\u00e2hilinde etkili olan OPEC \u00fcyeleri, 21.y\u00fczy\u0131lda petrol\u00fc siyasi veya politik silah olarak ta kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu durum OPEC \u00fclkelerinin bir\u00e7ok olumsuz durumla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na da sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim bu \u00fclkelerin mevcut yap\u0131sal durumlar\u0131n\u0131 inceledi\u011fimizde bir\u00e7o\u011funun ekonomik, siyasi veya yap\u0131sal krizde oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin, uluslararas\u0131 toplumda tepkiyle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerden de siyasi bask\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmaktad\u0131rlar. Buna engel olamad\u0131klar\u0131nda ise g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletler, bu \u00fclkelerde n\u00fcfuz olu\u015fturma m\u00fccadelesine giri\u015fmektedir. Bu durum bazen siyasi olarak n\u00fcfuz etmelerine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flasa da genelde son y\u0131llarda i\u00e7 sava\u015f veya d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleyle sonu\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\nIrak\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye ile kurdu\u011fu enerji ili\u015fkisi hem T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nemli bir enerji t\u00fcketicisi olarak pozisyonu hem de Avrupa ve d\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lan bir koridor olma iddias\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, T\u00fcrkiye Irak\u2019\u0131n hem enerji talep hem de transit g\u00fcvenli\u011fine katk\u0131 verebilecek kritik bir b\u00f6lgesel ortak konumundad\u0131r. Petrol ve do\u011falgaz yataklar\u0131n\u0131n Irak i\u00e7erisindeki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin konumunun jeopolitik \u00f6nemi Erbil-Ba\u011fdat ekseninde farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Basra k\u00f6rfezine yak\u0131n sahalardan elde edilen petrol\u00fcn ihracat\u0131 deniz yoluyla yap\u0131labilmekte iken, denizlere \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olmayan kuzey b\u00f6lgesinin rezervleri ise boru hatt\u0131 projelerine ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r(Demiryol ve Pek\u015fen, 2018: 131). Bu ba\u011flamda Irak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan petrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n\u0131 satabilmek i\u00e7in en avantajl\u0131 \u00fclke T\u00fcrkiye olmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc boru hatt\u0131 olarak mevcut altyap\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sadece Ceyhan deniz terminaline de\u011fil \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015facak bir boru hatt\u0131 projesi bile co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar sayesinde gelecekte zor g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin birinci OPEC krizinden boru hatt\u0131 anla\u015fmas\u0131 sebebiyle kazan\u0131m elde etti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Kerk\u00fck-Yumurtal\u0131k boru hatt\u0131 kapasite olarak Bak\u00fc\u2019den yap\u0131lan boru hatt\u0131ndan daha y\u00fcksek olsa da, g\u00fcvenlik sebepleriyle bir\u00e7ok d\u00f6nemde tam kapasite \u00e7al\u0131\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna en \u00f6nemli \u00f6rnek b\u00f6lgenin I\u015eID ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesidir. I\u015eID i\u015fgali s\u00fcrecinde boru hatt\u0131 tamamen kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca PKK ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn de s\u00fcrekli tacizine u\u011frayan petrol boru hatt\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konusu da, g\u00fcvenlik konusuyla i\u00e7i i\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken bir haldedir. Bu noktada hem g\u00fcvenlik maliyetlerinin g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne y\u00fckselmesi hem de bahsedilen bir\u00e7ok etkenden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcrekli kesintiye u\u011frayan Kerk\u00fck \u2013 Yumurtal\u0131k boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n mevcut maliyetlerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\nKAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\nAltu\u011f, F.Nuray ve Demirta\u015f, I\u015f\u0131l, (2021), “S\u0131n\u0131r \u00d6tesi Ham Petrol Boru Hatt\u0131 Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve Teorik \u0130ncelemesi: BTC ve Kerk\u00fckYumurtal\u0131k Ham Petrol Boru Hatlar\u0131 \u00d6rne\u011fi”, Journal Of Emerging Econimes And Policy<\/em>, C.6, S.2, s.247-261.<\/p>\nDemir, \u0130dris, (2008), “OPEC: G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Bir Kartel?”, S\u00fcleyman Demirel \u00dcniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi<\/em>, S.18, s.231-246.<\/p>\nDemiryol, Tolga ve Pek\u015fen, Hasan Deniz, (2018), “Enerji ve G\u00fcvenlik Ekseninde T\u00fcrkiye-Irak \u0130li\u015fkileri(1990-2018)”, T\u00fcrkiye Ortado\u011fu \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Dergisi<\/em>, C.5, S.2, s.127-157.<\/p>\nDemir, Ye\u015fim, (2009), “1960-1980 D\u00f6nemi T\u00fcrk-Arap Ekonomik \u0130li\u015fkileri”, Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies<\/em>, C.8, S.18, s.209-227.<\/p>\nHut, Davut, (2013), Petrol\u00fcn Lanetledi\u011fi \u00dclke; Irak, “https:\/\/ordaf.org\/petrolun-lanetledigi-ulke-irak\/”,<\/em> (Eri\u015fim Tarihi:01.06.2022)<\/p>\n\u0130nan, Ayb\u00fcke, (2013), “Kerk\u00fck-Yumurtal\u0131k Petrol Boru Hatt\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye-Irak \u0130li\u015fkileri (1973-2011)”, Ortado\u011fu Analiz Dergisi (ORSAM)<\/em>, C.5, S.56, s.68-85.<\/p>\nKandemir, Ekber ve Tuncer, Ozan Can, (2020), “Irak- T\u00fcrkiye Enerji \u0130li\u015fkilerinin B\u00f6lgenin Ekonomik G\u00fcvenli\u011fine Etkileri”, International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities & Social Sciences<\/em>, C.3, S.1, s.76-89.<\/p>\nMut, Ramazan, (2010), Ortado\u011fu’da Ekonomi – Politik Bir K\u0131r\u0131lma Noktas\u0131: 1973 Petrol Krizi, Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi<\/em>, \u0130stanbul: Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Ortado\u011fu Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Ortado\u011fu \u0130ktisad\u0131 Ana Bilim Dal\u0131.<\/p>\nOran, Bask\u0131n, (2001), T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131 1,<\/em> \u0130stanbul: \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k A.\u015e.<\/p>\n\u015eahin, \u0130smail; \u015eahin, Cemile ve Y\u00fcce, Samet (K\u0131\u015f 2014), “Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonras\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Irak\u2019ta Devlet Kurma \u00c7abalar\u0131”, Akademik Bak\u0131\u015f Dergisi<\/em>, C.8, S.15, s.105-132.<\/p>\nU\u00e7arol, R\u0131fat (2019), Siyasi Tarih 1789-2001,<\/em> Ankara: DER Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\nY\u0131lmaz, Sefer ve K.Kalkan, Duhan, (2017), “Enerji G\u00fcvenli\u011fi kavram\u0131: 1973Petrol Krizi I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bir Tart\u0131\u015fma”, Uluslararas\u0131 Kriz ve Siyaset Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi<\/em>, C.1, S.3, s.169-199.<\/p>\nY\u0131lmaz, Veli, (1998), Siyasi Tarih,<\/em> Ankara: Harp Akademileri Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n
[1]<\/a> Diplomasi ve Siyaset Uzman\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Enerji Stratejileri ve Politikalar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi (TESPAM), mucahitdizman@gmail.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" M\u00fccahit D\u0130ZMAN[1] \u00a0 G\u0130R\u0130\u015e T\u00fcrkiye – Irak ili\u015fkilerinin en somut \u00f6rnekleri yak\u0131n tarihte Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Irak, \u015fimdi oldu\u011fu gibi eskinden de \u00e7o\u011fu zaman Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki Irak\u2019\u0131n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13103,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_thinkrank_schema_form_data":"","_thinkrank_selected_schema_type":"","_thinkrank_additional_schemas":"","_thinkrank_canonical_url":"","_thinkrank_og_title":"","_thinkrank_og_description":"","_thinkrank_og_image":"","_thinkrank_twitter_title":"","_thinkrank_twitter_description":"","_thinkrank_twitter_image":"","_thinkrank_imported_from":"","_thinkrank_focus_keywords":[],"_thinkrank_focus_keyword":"","_thinkrank_robots_meta_enabled":0,"_thinkrank_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_advanced_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_primary_category":0,"footnotes":"","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[2016],"class_list":["post-11630","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-makaleler"],"yoast_head":"\n
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