{"id":16302,"date":"2024-10-02T10:10:03","date_gmt":"2024-10-02T07:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=16302"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:14:48","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:14:48","slug":"bilim-ve-teknolojideki-gelismelerle-sifir-riskli-nukleer-reaktorlere-dogru-atilimlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/bilim-ve-teknolojideki-gelismelerle-sifir-riskli-nukleer-reaktorlere-dogru-atilimlar\/","title":{"rendered":"Bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmelerle S\u0131f\u0131r Riskli N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlere do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131mlar.."},"content":{"rendered":"

Bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmelerle S\u0131f\u0131r Riskli N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlere do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131mlar..<\/strong><\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksel Atakan, Dr. Radyasyon Fizik\u00e7isi, ybatakan4@gmail.com, Almanya<\/em><\/p>\n

1986 \u00c7ernobil ve 2011 Fuku\u015fima b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r kazalar\u0131n\u0131 hepimiz biliyoruz. \u00c7o\u011fumuzun bilmedi\u011fi ise, bu kazalar\u0131n, aradan ge\u00e7en bunca y\u0131la ra\u011fmen, neden tekrarlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131? Bunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131, ak\u0131l ve bilimle \u00fcretilen teknolojiyi geli\u015ftirmekte aramam\u0131z gerekiyor. N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rler i\u00e7in gitgide geli\u015ftirilen uluslararas\u0131 (IAEA) standartlara g\u00f6re kalite kontrolleri yap\u0131larak reakt\u00f6rler \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor ve geli\u015ftirilen otomasyon sistemleriyle kazalar belki daha olu\u015fmadan \u00f6nlenebiliyor.
\nBunlar bizim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerimiz olmay\u0131p, n\u00fckleer teknolojide, \u00f6zellikle ABD \u015firketlerinde ve \u00fcniversitelerinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen geli\u015fme ve uygulamalar\u0131n, ger\u00e7ek durumu, yans\u0131malar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nce \u00c7ernobil ve Fuku\u015fima kazalar\u0131 nas\u0131l oldu k\u0131saca g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim<\/strong>Bu iki b\u00fcy\u00fck reakt\u00f6r kazas\u0131yla ilgili olarak daha \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan \/1\/, bu kazalar\u0131n olu\u015fumuna, burada k\u0131saca de\u011finece\u011fiz.
\n\u00c7ernobil kazas\u0131<\/strong>
\n\u00c7ernobil tipi reakt\u00f6rlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kazay\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek g\u00fcvenlik sistemlerindeki eksikliklerine ra\u011fmen, 1986\u2019daki kaza, normal reakt\u00f6r personelinin yapmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hata sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Reakt\u00f6r personeli bir deney s\u0131ras\u0131nda, kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekerek reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f (n\u00f6tronlar\u0131n bor\u2019da so\u011furularak reaksiyonun frenlenmesini engellemi\u015f) hem de reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn so\u011futma suyu pomplar\u0131n\u0131 durudurarak, reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131na ve sonunda b\u00fcy\u00fck felakete neden olmu\u015ftu. B\u00f6yle bir hatay\u0131 ise de\u011fil normal reakt\u00f6r personeli, bu konuda temel bilgileri olan herhangi bir teknisyen dahi yapmazd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bat\u0131 tipi reakt\u00f6rlerinde kontrol \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir kritik d\u00fczeyden daha yukar\u0131 \u00e7ekilmesi, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7ten kilitli olmas\u0131 nedeniyle olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca personelin yapabilece\u011fi hatalar\u0131, \u00e7ok katl\u0131 g\u00fcvenlik sistemleri ve otomatik sistemler an\u0131nda \u00f6nleyece\u011finden \u00c7ernobil tipi kazalar Bat\u0131\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor. \u00d6rne\u011fin Almanya\u2019da bug\u00fcn de\u011fil, 70\u2019li y\u0131llarda bile \u00c7ernobil tipi bir reakt\u00f6r, hen\u00fcz proje d\u00f6neminde (lisanslamada) onay alamaz ve kurulamazd\u0131.
\nBat\u0131 tipi bir reakt\u00f6rde bir kaza olsa bile, a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan radyoaktif maddelerin g\u00fcvenlik k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1978\u2019de ABD TMI Harisburg kazas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc (Orada k\u0131smen yak\u0131t elemanlar\u0131 ergimi\u015fti ama \u00e7evreyi bu g\u00fcvenlik k\u0131l\u0131f\u0131, radyoaktif maddelerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan korumu\u015ftu). Bu teknoloji bug\u00fcn yap\u0131lmakta olan Akkuyu reakt\u00f6rlerinde de vard\u0131r.
\nBu nedenlerle Bat\u0131 tipi reakt\u00f6rlerde 1986\u2019da \u00c7ernobil\u2019deki gibi bir kaza olmuyor ve beklenmez de..<\/p>\n

Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131<\/strong>
\n2011 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131nda ise reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn uranyumlu kalbi i\u00e7inde herhangi bir patlama olmad\u0131. 9 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki depremde binalar y\u0131k\u0131lmad\u0131. Ancak Japonya\u2019daki elektrik direklerinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, hatlar\u0131n kopmas\u0131yla santralin elektri\u011fi kesildi. Zemin alt\u0131nda, konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 gereken dizelli ivedi (acil) elektrik \u00fcrete\u00e7leri de Ts\u00fcnami sular\u0131 alt\u0131nda kal\u0131nca, su pompalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lamamas\u0131 nedeniyle, susuz kalan uranyumlu reakt\u00f6r kalbinin gitgide \u0131s\u0131nmas\u0131 ve ergimesi uzun bir s\u00fcrede oldu. Reakt\u00f6r binas\u0131nda hidrojen gaz\u0131 patlamalar\u0131yla binada \u00e7atlaklar olu\u015ftu. Radyoaktif maddelerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc g\u00fcvenlik k\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde kal\u0131rken, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de \u00e7atlaklardan atmosfere s\u0131zd\u0131.
\nHalbuki Fuku\u015fima reakt\u00f6rleri daha 1970\u2019lerde yap\u0131l\u0131rken ABD reakt\u00f6r g\u00fcvenlik kurulu, bu tip reakt\u00f6r binalar\u0131n\u0131n (Containment) bas\u0131nca dayanamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131, reakt\u00f6rlerin i\u015fletmeye a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu uyar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmad\u0131. Benzer uyar\u0131 ilgili bilirki\u015filerce acil elektrik \u00fcrete\u00e7lerinin de zemin alt\u0131ndan, \u00fcst katlara \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi i\u00e7in defalarca yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama dinleyen olmad\u0131 (Bunlar ilgili yaz\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zda ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla var). Acil durum elektrik \u00fcrete\u00e7leri \u00fcst katlarda olsalard\u0131, su pompalar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, reakt\u00f6r so\u011futulur ve kaza da olamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

N\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerin tarihsel geli\u015fimi nas\u0131l oldu?<\/strong>
\nI. KU\u015eAK REAKT\u00d6RLER<\/strong>
\nI. Ku\u015fak reakt\u00f6rler 1950-1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda end\u00fcstri i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve 1970\u2018lerde ilk prototip reakt\u00f6rler olarak piyasaya sunulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Fransa bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde reakt\u00f6r teknolojisiyle do\u011fal uranyumun i\u00e7inde \u00e7ok az (0,007) oranda bulunan Uranyum 235 yak\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir yol bulmu\u015f olarak, U235\u2018i daha da zenginle\u015ftirerek n\u00fckleer silahlar da yapabildi.
\nII. KU\u015eAK REAKT\u00d6RLER<\/strong>
\nII.Ku\u015fak reakt\u00f6rler 1973 petrol krizi sonucu fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fckselmesiyle birlikte enerji piyasas\u0131nda denge sa\u011flamak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle geli\u015ftirildi. Fransa\u2019da bu ku\u015fak reakt\u00f6rler, ABD teknolojosindeki bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 hafif sulu reakt\u00f6rlerinin (PWR), EDF (Electricity de France) taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.
\nIII. KU\u015eAK REAKT\u00d6RLER<\/strong>
\nIII.Ku\u015fak reakt\u00f6rler \u201aG\u00fcvenlik\u2018 ve \u201aEmniyet\u2019i temel alan \u00f6zellikle d\u0131\u015f etkenlere kar\u015f\u0131 korunmal\u0131 reakt\u00f6rlerdir. Bu tip reakt\u00f6rler, Three Mile Island, \u00c7ernobil kazalar\u0131yla 11 Eyl\u00fcl \u0130kiz Kuleler sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek alarak, bu \u00e7e\u015fit olaylar\u0131n reakt\u00f6rlerde olmamas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u00f6nlemlerin, \u00f6zellikle otomasyon sistemleriyle \u00f6nlenmesini hesaba katan reakt\u00f6rleridir. Bu tip reakt\u00f6rlere bir \u00f6rnek Avrupa bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su reakt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr (EPR).
\nIV. KU\u015eAK REAKT\u00d6RLER<\/strong>
\nIV.Ku\u015fak reakt\u00f6rlerin, \u00f6nemli sistemlerinin daha g\u00fcvenli olmalar\u0131yla ilgili olarak, teknolojide bir dizi ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015fmeler s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bunlar\u0131, GIF (Generation IV International Forum) organize ediyor. Bu tip reakt\u00f6rler n\u00fckleer yak\u0131t\u0131 daha verimli kullanacaklar, at\u0131klar\u0131 daha az olacak, ekonomik olarak da daha ucuz ve g\u00fcvenlik standartlar\u0131 da en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde tasarlanacaklar. Westinhouse AP 1000 tipi reakt\u00f6rler (Sa\u011fda \u00c7in i\u00e7in maket resim)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Bu ama\u00e7la bug\u00fcn 100 kadar uzman 130 farkl\u0131 reakt\u00f6r tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 inceleyip de\u011ferlendiriyorlar. Bu tip reakt\u00f6rlerde %5 -7 gibi zengin\u00e7e\u015ftirilmi\u015f U235\u2019in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek kalm\u0131yor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc reakt\u00f6r yak\u0131t\u0131 olarak do\u011frudan do\u011fal uranyum (% 99 U 238) kullan\u0131lacak.
\nIV.Ku\u015fak reakt\u00f6rlerin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fi, reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn yan\u0131na yak\u0131t elemanlar\u0131 \u00fcretim b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden ba\u015fka, \u00fcretilen at\u0131klar\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerinin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 tesislerin kurulup \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu tip reakt\u00f6rlerde kullan\u0131lacak yak\u0131ttan, pl\u00fctonyum\u2019un ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak n\u00fckleer silah yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da teknik olarak olas\u0131 de\u011fil. Otomasyon ve di\u011fer pasif \u00f6nlemlerle de deprem sonucu ve Fuku\u015fima kazas\u0131 gibi bir kaza da olas\u0131 de\u011fil.<\/strong> \u00d6rne\u011fin, Westinghouse \u015firketinin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi AP 1000 tipi reakt\u00f6rde, reakt\u00f6r binas\u0131n\u0131n (Containment) \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131ndaki, geni\u015f bir depodaki su, reakt\u00f6rde bir kaza durumunda elektrikli pompalara gerek kalmadan, yer \u00e7ekimiyle kendili\u011finden akarak reakt\u00f6r\u00fcn kalbini 2 g\u00fcnden fazla bir s\u00fcre so\u011futabiliyor (Bkz \u015eekil). Bu tip reakt\u00f6rden Westinghouse 2023\u2019e kadar 10 adet satm\u0131\u015f durumda ve bunlar\u0131n 4\u2019\u00fc \u00c7in\u2019de Sanmen and Haiyang\u201a da kurulacak \/2\/.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong>
\nAk\u0131l ve bilimle yap\u0131lan teknolojideki geli\u015fmeler sonucu n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6rlerde kaza olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (riski) gitgide s\u0131f\u0131ra yakla\u015f\u0131yor. B\u00fcy\u00fck 1000 MW\u2019l\u0131k reakt\u00f6rlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, daha \u00f6nceki yaz\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131zda a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mod\u00fcler reakt\u00f6rler (SMR)\/3\/ ve bunlar\u0131n toryum kullan\u0131lanlar\u0131 gitgide geli\u015ftirilerek, gemilerde ve hatta Bill Gates\u2019in MS Offislerinde kullan\u0131lmalar\u0131 planlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong>
\n\/1\/ \u00c7ernobil ve Fuku\u015fima kazalar\u0131 nas\u0131l oldu? Fizik M\u00fch.Odas\u0131 Pop\u00fcler bilim yaz\u0131lar\u0131 Y. Atakan
\n\/2\/ https:\/\/info.westinghousenuclear.com\/news\/four-westinghouse-ap1000-reactors-in-china
\n\/3\/ K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck mod\u00fcler reakt\u00f6rler (SMR) Herkese Bilim Teknoloji dergisi, Y.Atakan HBT Say\u0131 403 28.12.2023<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmelerle S\u0131f\u0131r Riskli N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlere do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131mlar.. Y\u00fcksel Atakan, Dr. Radyasyon Fizik\u00e7isi, ybatakan4@gmail.com, Almanya 1986 \u00c7ernobil ve 2011 Fuku\u015fima b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fckleer reakt\u00f6r kazalar\u0131n\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":218,"featured_media":16304,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_thinkrank_schema_form_data":"","_thinkrank_selected_schema_type":"","_thinkrank_additional_schemas":"","_thinkrank_canonical_url":"","_thinkrank_og_title":"","_thinkrank_og_description":"","_thinkrank_og_image":"","_thinkrank_twitter_title":"","_thinkrank_twitter_description":"","_thinkrank_twitter_image":"","_thinkrank_imported_from":"","_thinkrank_focus_keywords":[],"_thinkrank_focus_keyword":"","_thinkrank_robots_meta_enabled":0,"_thinkrank_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_advanced_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_primary_category":0,"footnotes":"","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[884,209,106,135,108,896],"tags":[1978,1979,508,1980],"ppma_author":[2016],"class_list":["post-16302","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-asya-pasifika-avustralya","category-gorunmez-yazi-sayfasi","category-kose-yazilari","category-rusya","category-tr","category-nukleer","tag-cernobil","tag-fukusima","tag-nukleer","tag-yuksel-atakan"],"yoast_head":"\nBilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmelerle S\u0131f\u0131r Riskli N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlere do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131mlar.. - T\u00fcrkiye Enerji Stratejileri ve Politikalar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/bilim-ve-teknolojideki-gelismelerle-sifir-riskli-nukleer-reaktorlere-dogru-atilimlar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmelerle S\u0131f\u0131r Riskli N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlere do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131mlar.. - T\u00fcrkiye Enerji Stratejileri ve Politikalar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bilim ve teknolojideki geli\u015fmelerle S\u0131f\u0131r Riskli N\u00fckleer Reakt\u00f6rlere do\u011fru at\u0131l\u0131mlar.. 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