{"id":6250,"date":"2018-03-24T21:56:05","date_gmt":"2018-03-24T18:56:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=6250"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:14:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:14:10","slug":"kaynak-laneti-ve-abd-arasinda-kalan-bir-ulke-venezuela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/kaynak-laneti-ve-abd-arasinda-kalan-bir-ulke-venezuela\/","title":{"rendered":"Kaynak Laneti ve ABD Aras\u0131nda Kalan Bir \u00dclke: Venezuela"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Salihe KAYA-TESPAM<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"color: #008080;\">OPEC \u00fclkeleri petrol rezerv s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 302,2 milyar varil ilk s\u0131rada yer alan Venezuela, son y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ekonomik krizin i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015f durumda. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeye petrol ihra\u00e7 edebilecek durumdayken Venezuela\u2019y\u0131 bu duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren tek sebebin \u201ckaynak laneti\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 eksik kal\u0131r. \u00dclkenin bu duruma d\u00fc\u015fmesinde 2014 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana petrol fiyatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f (son bir y\u0131ldaki c\u00fczi art\u0131\u015f yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyor) ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri (ABD) Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Trump\u2019\u0131n ticaret politikalar\u0131 da etkili olmu\u015ftur<\/span>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na se\u00e7ilen Nicolas Maduro, petrol sanayisini iyi y\u00f6netemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in son birka\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r ele\u015ftiriliyor ve \u00fclkede ya\u015fanan ekonomik krizinin sebeplerinden biri olarak g\u00f6steriliyor. Ancak alt gelir grubu i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayan \u00e7o\u011funluk, Maduro\u2019ya ve politikalar\u0131na g\u00fcvendi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u00fclke ekonomisini \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6t\u00fcren petrol krizinin odak noktas\u0131na bakmakta yarar var. \u00dclke genelindeki ekonomik krize bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u00f6zellikle son d\u00f6nemlerde \u00fclke i\u00e7inde ya\u015fananlar g\u00fcndemden d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyor. En tabii ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamakta zorlanan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n kameralara yans\u0131yan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri, petrol zengini bir \u00fclkeyle yak\u0131\u015fmayacak d\u00fczeyde. \u00c7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin i\u015fsiz oldu\u011fu ve sosyal yard\u0131mlarla ayakta durdu\u011fu \u00fclkede, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6rde i\u015f bulmak neredeyse imkans\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>\u00dclke gelirlerinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n petrol gelirine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu Venezuela\u2019da bu gelirin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 sosyal harcamalara aktar\u0131l\u0131yor.\u00a0Venezuela\u2019da 2007, 2010, 2013 ve 2017 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda petrol rezerv, \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketimleri aras\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fime bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 2013 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar \u00fc\u00e7 alanda da genel anlamda bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, petrol rezervi 2017 y\u0131l\u0131 dahil art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterirken \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketimde ise azal\u0131\u015f g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor (Tablo 1). \u00dcretim ve t\u00fcketim yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan gerilemede petrol fiyatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f etkili olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazar\u0131 olan ABD\u2019nin enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde ihracat\u00e7\u0131 konuma gelmesi de petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne neden olmu\u015ftur. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n petrol ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda ilk s\u0131ralarda ABD gelmekte.<\/p>\n<p>Tablo 1. Venezuela\u2019n\u0131n Petrol Rezerv, \u00dcretim Ve T\u00fcketim Verileri<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6251\" src=\"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/Ekran-Al\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"933\" height=\"285\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Kaynak laneti Venezuela\u2019da ya\u015fanan ekonomik krize tek sebep olarak g\u00f6sterilemez.\u00a0 ABD\u2019nin etkisi ku\u015fkusuz a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortada. Trump\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc politikalardan \u00f6nce 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda petrol fiyatlar\u0131nda ya\u015fanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f, \u00fclkenin petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc zorlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 100 dolardan neredeyse 20 dolarlara yakla\u015fan petrol fiyatlar\u0131 \u00fclkenin en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol \u015firketi olan Petr\u00f3leos de Venezuela, S.A.\u2019n\u0131n (PDVSA) \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclke gelirlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015firketin elde etti\u011fi karlardan geldi\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015fanan fiyat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerinin etkisi de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00dclkedeki refah seviyesi de buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak her ge\u00e7en y\u0131l d\u00fc\u015fmeye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n<p>Peki, Trump\u2019\u0131n ticaret politikalar\u0131n\u0131n Venezuela\u2019da ya\u015fanan ekonomik krize etkisi nas\u0131l oldu? \u00d6zellikle 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda ABD, uzun d\u00f6nemli kredi kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda Venezuela ve PDVSA\u2019ya baz\u0131 finansal yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar uygulamaya koymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Birebirde petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama koymasa da s\u00f6z konusu yapt\u0131r\u0131mlardan petrol sekt\u00f6r\u00fc de etkilendi.\u00a0 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seyreden petrol fiyatlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 zor g\u00fcnler ge\u00e7iren PDVSA\u2019n\u0131n, bu yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla birlikte bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demekte zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatta baz\u0131 kredi derecelendirme kurulu\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan negatif y\u00f6nde puanland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Trump\u2019\u0131n se\u00e7ilmeden \u00f6nce vaat etti\u011fi ve s\u0131ras\u0131yla uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalar yaln\u0131zca Venezuela\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc olmasa da son ya\u015fananlardan g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere en \u00e7ok da bu \u00fclkeyi olumsuz etkiledi\u011fi ortada.<\/p>\n<p>ABD\u2019nin yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck petrol fiyatlar\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 olu\u015fan y\u00fcksek enflasyona kar\u015f\u0131 Nicolas Maduro ise \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6nlemler almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Son d\u00f6nemlerin en ilgi \u00e7eken yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131ndan biri olan sanal paralara Maduro\u2019da kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmad\u0131.\u00a0 \u00dclkesinin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu krizden bu \u015fekilde ba\u015f edebilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan Ba\u015fkan; petrol, gaz, alt\u0131n ve elmas rezervleriyle desteklenece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi yeni para biriminin ad\u0131n\u0131n &#8216;petro&#8217; olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. At\u0131lan bu ad\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k ABD\u2019den yan\u0131t gecikmedi ve bu para biriminin ticarette kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne de engel konulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. &#8220;Mali egemenli\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesinde, para aktar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve finansal engellerin \u00fcstesinden gelinmesinde&#8221; yol g\u00f6sterici olarak belirtilen Petro\u2019nun piyasada nas\u0131l bir etki olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 ise \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki g\u00fcnlerde kendini g\u00f6sterecektir. Bununla birlikte dolar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011ferini daha fazla kaybetmemesi ad\u0131na \u00fclke para birimi bolivardan \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n at\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Yeni banknotlar\u0131n 4 Haziran 2018 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan Maduro, ABD kaynakl\u0131 tehditlerin \u00fcstesinden bu t\u00fcr ad\u0131mlarla gelinece\u011fini s\u0131k s\u0131k dile getiriyor.<\/p>\n<p>Son olarak 2018 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ilk aylar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle ekonomide ya\u015fanan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n devam etti\u011fi ancak buna y\u00f6nelik kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn de \u00fcretilemedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte. Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken asl\u0131nda, artan enflasyon oranlar\u0131 (Y\u00fczde 6000 civarlar\u0131nda) ile birlikte d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesine y\u00f6nelik \u00f6ncelikli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretilmeli bununla birlikte ABD \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde devam eden yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara da bir an \u00f6nce son verilmesine y\u00f6nelik politika geli\u015ftirilmesi gerekiyor.\u00a0 Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar bu \u015fekliyle devam etti\u011fi takdirde marketlerin ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131, su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131n\u0131n her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00fclke profili ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kal\u0131nabilir. Yoksullu\u011fa k\u0131sa vadeli \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler yerine uzun vadeli kalk\u0131nma modeli geli\u015ftirilmeli ve son olarak orta ve uzun vadede Norve\u00e7 petrol fonu modeli geli\u015ftirilebilir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Salihe KAYA-TESPAM &nbsp; OPEC \u00fclkeleri petrol rezerv s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 302,2 milyar varil ilk s\u0131rada yer alan Venezuela, son y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ekonomik krizin i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015f durumda. Bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeye petrol ihra\u00e7 edebilecek&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":71,"featured_media":6252,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_thinkrank_schema_form_data":"","_thinkrank_selected_schema_type":"","_thinkrank_additional_schemas":"","_thinkrank_canonical_url":"","_thinkrank_og_title":"","_thinkrank_og_description":"","_thinkrank_og_image":"","_thinkrank_twitter_title":"","_thinkrank_twitter_description":"","_thinkrank_twitter_image":"","_thinkrank_imported_from":"","_thinkrank_focus_keywords":[],"_thinkrank_focus_keyword":"","_thinkrank_robots_meta_enabled":0,"_thinkrank_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_advanced_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_primary_category":0,"footnotes":"","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[209,106],"tags":[187,838,839,840,841,266,842],"ppma_author":[2041],"class_list":["post-6250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gorunmez-yazi-sayfasi","category-kose-yazilari","tag-abd","tag-bolivardan","tag-kaynak-laneti","tag-nicolas-maduro","tag-petroleos-de-venezuela","tag-salihe-kaya","tag-venezuela"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kaynak Laneti ve ABD Aras\u0131nda Kalan Bir \u00dclke: Venezuela - T\u00fcrkiye Enerji Stratejileri ve Politikalar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/kaynak-laneti-ve-abd-arasinda-kalan-bir-ulke-venezuela\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kaynak Laneti ve ABD Aras\u0131nda Kalan Bir \u00dclke: Venezuela - T\u00fcrkiye Enerji Stratejileri ve Politikalar\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Merkezi\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Salihe KAYA-TESPAM &nbsp; OPEC \u00fclkeleri petrol rezerv s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 302,2 milyar varil ilk s\u0131rada yer alan Venezuela, son y\u0131llarda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ekonomik krizin i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015f durumda. 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