{"id":6762,"date":"2018-12-11T09:53:28","date_gmt":"2018-12-11T06:53:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/tr\/?p=6762"},"modified":"2026-08-07T22:14:06","modified_gmt":"2026-08-07T19:14:06","slug":"yogunlastirilmis-gunes-enerjisi-sistemleri-csp-ile-elektrik-uretimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.tespam.org\/wordpress\/yogunlastirilmis-gunes-enerjisi-sistemleri-csp-ile-elektrik-uretimi\/","title":{"rendered":"YO\u011eUNLA\u015eTIRILMI\u015e G\u00dcNE\u015e ENERJ\u0130S\u0130 S\u0130STEMLER\u0130 (CSP) \u0130LE ELEKTR\u0130K \u00dcRET\u0130M\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00dclkemizde artan enerji talebine baz\u0131 kesimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Sistemlerini (CSP) yerinde incelemek \u00fczere 2-5 Ekim tarihleri aras\u0131nda Fas\u2019\u0131n Kazablanka (Casablanca) \u015fehrinde d\u00fczenlenen G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> ve Kimyasal Enerji Sistemleri (Solar Power And Chemical Energy Systems Conference 2018 \u2013 SolarPACES) Konferans\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131k ve akabinde de Fas\u2019\u0131n Varzazat (Ouarzazate) kentinde Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcne kurulmu\u015f 177 MW Fotovoltaik, 360 MW Parabolik Oluk ve 150 MW Solar Kule teknolojileri ile toplamda 687 MW’l\u0131k Hibrit-CSP Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Santraline Teknik gezide bulunarak \u00e7ok faydal\u0131 bilgiler edindik.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikle konunun daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan k\u0131saca bu teknolojinin detaylar\u0131na girecek olursak:<\/p>\n

Direkt Normal I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m (Direct Normal Irradiance – DNI) do\u011frudan g\u00fcne\u015ften gelip birim alana dik olarak d\u00fc\u015fen \u0131\u015f\u0131n demetlerinin toplam\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011fer \u00f6zellikle yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rma esasl\u0131 sistemler i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Genellikle orta rak\u0131ml\u0131 yar\u0131-kurak ve kurak platolarda DNI de\u011ferleri daha y\u00fcksektir. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Enerji Sekt\u00f6r\u00fc Y\u00f6netim Yard\u0131m Program\u0131 (ESMAP) ile Solar Co\u011frafik Bilgi Sistemlerinin (SOLARGIS) Direkt Normal I\u015f\u0131n\u0131m Haritas\u0131 verileri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi<\/strong> santralleri\u2019nin (CSP) D\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde en verimli oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler 3,000kWh\/m2 ve \u00fczeri \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131m de\u011ferleri ile Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, \u015eili, Fas, Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri ve Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131, G\u00fcney Afrika, \u00c7in\u2019in baz\u0131 kesimleri ve Avustralya\u2019d\u0131r. \u00dclkemizde bu de\u011fer 2,350kWh\/m2 civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Santralleri (CSP) aynalar ve bu aynalara ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fi izleme sistemleri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla geni\u015f bir alana d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> tek bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck alana odaklar. Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha sonra klasik enerji santrallerine gereken \u0131s\u0131y\u0131 \u00fcretmekte kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olur. Konsantre g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi<\/strong> teknolojileri Parabolik Oluk, Solar Enerji Kulesi, Dish Stirling Motoru, Kompakt Lineer Fresnel Reflekt\u00f6r\u00fc gibi \u00f6rneklerle hayat bulmu\u015ftur. Her bir odaklama y\u00f6ntemi y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n elde edilmesini ve buna paralel olarak y\u00fcksek termodinamik verimlili\u011fi sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Ancak, bu y\u00f6ntemlerin g\u00fcne\u015fi takip mekanizmalar\u0131 ve g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisi<\/strong>nden faydalanma bi\u00e7imleri birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-Parabolik Oluk (Parabolic Through), parabolik (\u00e7ukur ayna \u015feklindeki) yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n, yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n odak noktas\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f bir al\u0131c\u0131da g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> toplamalar\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Buradaki al\u0131c\u0131, yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n odak noktalar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda uzanan ve i\u00e7inde \u00e7evrim ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir t\u00fcpten olu\u015fur. Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, g\u00fcn boyunca g\u00fcne\u015fi takip mekanizmalar\u0131<\/strong> ile takip eder. \u00c7evrim ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131, al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7inde ilerletilirken (erimi\u015f tuz vd.) 150-350 \u00b0C civar\u0131nda \u0131s\u0131n\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan, \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak enerji \u00fcretim tesisinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Parabolik oluk sistemler, CSP teknolojileri aras\u0131nda en geli\u015fmi\u015f olan\u0131d\u0131r. Parabolik Sistemlerin kurulumu i\u00e7in tam anlam\u0131yla d\u00fcz ve \u201c0\u201d (s\u0131f\u0131r) e\u011fimli araziler gerekmektedir. Bu bak\u0131mdan arazinin system kurulumuna haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 uzun ve maliyetli bir i\u015ftir. 150 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde bir Parabolik Oluk Sistemi 1.35 Milyon m2 alan kaplar iken, ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti 1.3 Milyar $\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-G\u00fcne\u015f Kulesi (Solar Tower), bir kulenin \u00fczerinde bulunan merkezi bir al\u0131c\u0131dan ve bu al\u0131c\u0131ya g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan bir dizi \u00e7ift eksenli yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lardan (heliostat) olu\u015fur. Kulenin tepesindeki al\u0131c\u0131, genelde deniz suyundan m\u00fcte\u015fekkil bir \u00e7evrim ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131ndan bir depo bulundurur. Al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00e7evrim ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 500-1000 \u00b0C seviyelerinde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan enerji santralinde veya enerji depo sistemlerinde \u0131s\u0131 enerjisi kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. Enerji kuleleri, parabolik oluk sistemlerden daha az geli\u015fmi\u015ftir; ne var ki, daha y\u00fcksek bir verimlilik ve daha iyi bir enerji depolama kapasitesi sunmaktad\u0131r. 150 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde bir Kule Sistemi 1.3 Milyon m2 alan kaplar iken, ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti 1.2 Milyar $\u2019d\u0131r. Kule sistemleri i\u00e7in de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca d\u00fcz araziler se\u00e7ilmesi gerekirken, arazinin nispeten hafif engebeli oldu\u011fu alanlarda, arazi d\u00fczeltme maliyetlerinin bertaraf edilebilmesi i\u00e7in Parabolik sistemlerden ziyade Kule Sisyemleri tercih edilmektedir. Kulelerin y\u00fckseklikleri 240-250 metre civar\u0131ndad\u0131r, yap\u0131lacaklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde Sivil Havac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa olas\u0131 etkileri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-Dish Stirling (Parabolic Dish Stirling), yada Stirling motoru sistemi, tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir parabolik yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 ile bu yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n odak noktas\u0131nda bulunan bir al\u0131c\u0131dan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131, bu sistemde, g\u00fcne\u015fi iki eksenden takip eder. Al\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7erisinden ge\u00e7en \u00e7evrim ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 250-700 \u00b0C seviyesinde \u0131s\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r ve ard\u0131ndan Stirling motorunda enerji \u00fcretimi maksad\u0131yla kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dish Stirling sistemleri CSP teknolojileri aras\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f enerjisinden<\/strong> elektrik enerjisine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmde en y\u00fcksek verimlili\u011fi sa\u011flayan sistemdir. Buna ek olarak, ta\u015f\u0131nabilir yap\u0131s\u0131 sistemin \u00f6l\u00e7eklenirli\u011fini sa\u011flar. Ne var ki en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc 1.5 MW olmak \u00fczere, operasyonel durumda da olmayan, D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda toplam 2 adet Dish Stirling Modeli CSP Santral kurulumu vard\u0131r ve hen\u00fcz deney a\u015famas\u0131nda olan bir teknolojidir.<\/p>\n

-Kompakt Lineer Fresnel yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (Linear Fresnel), g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> parabolik aynalarla yans\u0131tmak yerine \u00e7ok say\u0131da ince ayna dizileri kullanarak i\u00e7inde \u00e7evrim ak\u0131\u015fkan\u0131 dola\u015fan bir \u00e7ift t\u00fcpe yans\u0131tan CSP santralleridir. Bu sistem parabolik sisteme g\u00f6re d\u00fcz aynalar\u0131n parabolik aynalara g\u00f6re ucuz olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc daha az maliyetlidir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir alana parabolik sisteme nazaran daha \u00e7ok yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 konulabilir. Bu da, ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir alandan daha fazla kullan\u0131labilir g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplamak manas\u0131na gelmektedir. Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f do\u011frusal Fresnel yans\u0131t\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, D\u00fcnya\u2019da toplam 11 noktada kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r, Bunlardan 3 tanesi operasyonel durumda, 6 tanesi hen\u00fcz in\u015faa ve geli\u015ftirme a\u015famas\u0131nda iken, 2 tanesi operasyonel durumda de\u011fildir. Hen\u00fcz olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f Ar-Ge\u2019ye muhta\u00e7 bir teknolojidir.<\/p>\n

Rakamlarla CSP\u2019yi \u00f6zetleyecek olursak:<\/p>\n

-CSP Santral kurulumlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan arazi miktar\u0131 8.7-9 m2\/kW iken bu Fotovoltaik (PV) G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Sistemlerinde 5.6-6 m2\/kW\u2019d\u0131r. 150 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcnde bir Parabolik Oluk \/ Solar Kule Sistemi ortalama 1,300,000 m2 araziye ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerin 8 saat depolama ile birlikte ortalama ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti 8,500-10,000 $\/kW iken bu Fotovoltaik (PV) G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Sistemlerinde 900-1,000 $\/kW seviyelerindedir.<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerin \u00dcretim Maliyetleri ortalama 18-20 \u00a2\/kWh (95-106 Kuru\u015f\/kWh) iken Teknecik Elektrik Snatralinde mevcut Diesel Santraller ile \u00dcretim Maliyeti 11 \u00a2\/kWh (58 Kuru\u015f\/kWh), Buhar T\u00fcrbinleri i\u00e7in bu rakam 14 \u00a2\/kWh (74 Kuru\u015f\/kWh).<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerin y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama bak\u0131m-onar\u0131m maliyeti 2-4 \u00a2\/kWh\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerde her 150 MW g\u00fcc\u00fcndeki santral i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ortalama personel say\u0131s\u0131 60\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerde kullan\u0131lan depolama kapasiteleri genellikle 5-7 ve 9 saat\u2019tir, depolama kapasitesi artt\u0131k\u00e7a sistemin ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti de do\u011fru orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerin ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m ve bak\u0131m-onar\u0131m maliyetlerinin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 santrallerin amortisman s\u00fcrelerini uzatmakta ve bu tip santrallerin enerji temin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri 25 \u2013 35 y\u0131ll\u0131k periyodlar \u015feklinde yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

-CSP Santrallerde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlar; Kurulum yap\u0131lacak arazinin temini, arazi d\u00fczeltilmesi, panellerin temizli\u011fi, temizlik i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan su miktar\u0131n\u0131n fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcne\u015f takip sistemlerinin<\/strong> mekanik bak\u0131mlar\u0131 ve yaln\u0131z dolu de\u011fil r\u00fczgar gibi olumsuz hava \u015fartlar\u0131 sebebiyle de k\u0131r\u0131labilen panellerdir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak;<\/p>\n

Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Sistemlerini (CSP) hen\u00fcz Fotovoltaik (PV) G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi<\/strong> Sistemleri gibi belli bir geli\u015fim ve doygunlu\u011fa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f sistemler olmamakla birlikte ilk yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyeti ve \u00fcretim maliyetleriyle birlikte var olan en pahal\u0131 elektrik \u00fcretim metodlar\u0131ndan biridir. Teorik olarak 24 saate kadar depolama yap\u0131labildi\u011fi iddia edilmesine ra\u011fmen pratikte 7-10 saat aras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen depolama kapasiteleri, mevsim ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131ndan etkilenmeleri ile birlikte baz santral olmaktan hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Elektrik tarife fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cPahal\u0131\u201d olarak nitelendirildi\u011fi, \u201cUcuz\u201d elektrik \u00fcretme hedefi ve iddias\u0131nda olan bir \u00fclkenin, mevcut \u00fcretim maliyetlerinden daha y\u00fcksek \u00fcretim maliyetlerine sahip bir teknoloji ile ucuzlama sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131 ve mevsim\/iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6steren bir teknolojinin Baz Santral olaca\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131 en hafif tabiri ile \u201csafl\u0131k\u201d olmakla birlikte, olduk\u00e7a manidard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi 2024\u2019de sona erecek olan AKSA\u2019n\u0131n Garantili Al\u0131m S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden ve y\u00fcksek \u00fcretim maliyetlerinden \u015fikayet ederken, mevcut elektrik \u00fcretim maliyetlerinin de \u00fczerinde \u00fcretim maliyetine sahip, hen\u00fcz “deneme a\u015famas\u0131ndaki bir teknolojiye Milyar Euro seviyesinde” yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparak, uzun s\u00fcreli al\u0131m garantili bir anla\u015fma ile de halk\u0131 \u201ctemiz\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda pahal\u0131 elektri\u011fe mahkum etmek mant\u0131k \u00e7er\u00e7evesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Yazar: Yusuf Avc\u0131o\u011flu<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dclkemizde artan enerji talebine baz\u0131 kesimler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen Yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f G\u00fcne\u015f Enerjisi Sistemlerini (CSP) yerinde incelemek \u00fczere 2-5 Ekim tarihleri aras\u0131nda Fas\u2019\u0131n Kazablanka (Casablanca) 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