D\u00fcnyadaki bilim adamlar\u0131, karbon bazl\u0131 ekonomimiz bizi felaket iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine do\u011fru devrilme noktas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmadan \u00f6nce fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yerini alacak kadar ucuz, verimli ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir bir ye\u015fil enerji \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne do\u011fru yar\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. G\u00fcne\u015f pilleri a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 h\u0131zda geli\u015ftiriliyor, r\u00fczg\u00e2r t\u00fcrbinleri h\u0131zla \u00f6l\u00e7ekleniyor ve jeotermal enerji giderek daha fazla yerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor, ancak ye\u015fil hidrojen ve n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon enerji \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleri olan \u201cG\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f mermi\u201d ve \u201cKutsal K\u00e2se\u201d ile ilgili projelerden \u00e7ok az say\u0131da proje var. \u015eimdi, her ikisini de i\u00e7eren, \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131r a\u00e7an bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm haberi var.<\/p>\n
General Atomics taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fletilen DIII-D Ulusal F\u00fczyon Tesisi, ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (DOE) ad\u0131na faaliyet g\u00f6steriyor ve uzun zamand\u0131r n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7\u00f6rek \u015fekilli par\u00e7ac\u0131k \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 olan tokamaklar\u0131na hidrojen gaz\u0131 kullan\u0131yor. Fakat \u015fimdi, yeni bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma daha iyi bir yol olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor; hidrojen buz peletlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n
Besleme f\u00fczyonu ile; hidrojen buz peletleri, f\u00fczyon plazmalar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131tland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in etkili oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, hidrojen gaz\u0131 \u00fcflemek yerine hidrojen buz topaklar\u0131n\u0131n enjekte edilmesinin, Genel Atomun ABD Enerji Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (DOE) i\u00e7in faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi DIII-D Ulusal F\u00fczyon Tesisinde f\u00fczyon performans\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. DOE\u2019nin Princeton Plazma Fizik Laboratuvar\u0131 (PPPL) ve Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019na (ORNL) dayanan fizik\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Fransa\u2019da yap\u0131m a\u015famas\u0131nda olan uluslararas\u0131 f\u00fczyon deneyi (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) ITER\u2019de kullan\u0131lacak yak\u0131tlama konusuna bakarak iki y\u00f6ntemi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n
Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, buzlu hidrojen peletlerinin, \u015fu anda \u2018\u2019tokamak\u2019\u2019 ad\u0131 verilen \u00e7\u00f6rek \u015fekilli f\u00fczyon tesislerinde kullan\u0131lan gaz yak\u0131tlama y\u00f6ntemine k\u0131yasla f\u00fczyonplazmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi. Y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar f\u00fczyon reaksiyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in faydal\u0131d\u0131r. DIII-D sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, s\u0131cak i\u00e7 \u00e7ekirde\u011fini doldurmak i\u00e7in pelet enjeksiyon kullanmay\u0131 planlayan ITER i\u00e7in cesaret vericidir.<\/p>\n
F\u00fczyon reakt\u00f6rlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in sabit bir hidrojen ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 gereklidir ve bunun en verimli ve etkili bir \u015fekilde nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusu, ticari n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyonun potansiyel gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan bir sorudur. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu reakt\u00f6rlerin b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye devam ettik\u00e7e, b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ve \u0131s\u0131nmaya devam ettik\u00e7e, s\u00f6z konusu ticari n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyona yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, bu konunun daha da \u00f6nemli hale gelece\u011fini belirtiyor. \u201cF\u00fczyon reakt\u00f6rleri b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e ve \u0131s\u0131nd\u0131k\u00e7a, gaz\u0131n f\u00fczyon reaksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi reakt\u00f6r \u00e7ekirde\u011fine n\u00fcfuz etmesi zorla\u015facakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla plazma performans\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeden f\u00fczyon \u00e7ekirde\u011fini beslemek i\u00e7in yeni y\u00f6ntemler geli\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcne\u015fi ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7iren g\u00fc\u00e7 olan f\u00fczyon, b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda enerji yaratmak i\u00e7in \u0131\u015f\u0131k elementlerini plazma \u015feklinde (pozitif y\u00fckl\u00fc atom \u00e7ekirdeklerinden ve negatif y\u00fckl\u00fc elektronlardan olu\u015fan madde) birle\u015ftirir. Bilim adamlar\u0131, elektrik \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenli, temiz ve neredeyse t\u00fckenmez bir g\u00fc\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in D\u00fcnya\u2019daki f\u00fczyonu \u00e7o\u011faltmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar. F\u00fczyon enerjisi \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in bir zorluk, so\u011fuk hidrojen yak\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131cak plazma \u00e7ekirde\u011fine nas\u0131l girilece\u011fidir. G\u00fcne\u015f milyarlarca y\u0131l boyunca ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu t\u00fcm hidrojene sahiptir, ancak D\u00fcnya\u2019daki f\u00fczyon reakt\u00f6rleri f\u00fczyon reaksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli olarak plazmaya hidrojen beslemek zorundad\u0131r. Oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gaz\u0131n\u0131n \u015fi\u015firilmesi, mevcut deneylerde hidrojen enjekte etmenin en yayg\u0131n yoludur.<\/p>\n
Geleneksel oda s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hidrojen gaz\u0131 enjeksiyonunu hidrojen buz peletlerinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131ran deneyler, ikincisinin, biraz mant\u0131ks\u0131z bir \u015fekilde, n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyonu elde etmek i\u00e7in tokamak\u0131n s\u0131cak i\u00e7 \u00e7ekirde\u011fini beslemek i\u00e7in gereken ultra y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n elde edilmesi i\u00e7in daha iyi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Raporda, \u201cDeneyler, yak\u0131t oran\u0131 iki y\u00f6ntem aras\u0131nda kabaca e\u015fit olarak e\u015fle\u015fti\u011finde, gaz enjeksiyonuna k\u0131yasla hidrojen buzu kullanarak \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha y\u00fcksek bir plazma bas\u0131nc\u0131 (f\u00fczyon reaksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u201d diye devam ediyor.<\/p>\n
Bu at\u0131l\u0131m, ticari n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyonu ger\u00e7e\u011fe yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran ve yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran son ke\u015fiflerin en sonuncusudur. N\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon, insano\u011flunun bildi\u011fi en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc enerji \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerinden biridir. F\u00fczyon, geleneksel n\u00fckleer enerji \u00fcretiminde kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem olan n\u00fckleer fisyondan \u00e7ok daha temizdir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc on binlerce y\u0131l boyunca tehlikeli olan radyoaktif at\u0131k b\u0131rakan radyoaktif maddeleri de\u011fil, sadece yak\u0131t olarak hidrojene ihtiya\u00e7 duyuyordu. F\u00fczyon ayr\u0131ca fisyondan birka\u00e7 kat daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sorun \u015fu ki, burada D\u00fcnya\u2019da n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon reaksiyonlar\u0131 yaratmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f olsak da reaksiyonu yapmak i\u00e7in reaksiyonun hemen hemen t\u00fcm vakalarda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daha fazla enerji t\u00fcketen deneylerle bunu verimli bir \u015fekilde yapamad\u0131k.<\/p>\n
Ancak ticari n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon hala ula\u015f\u0131lam\u0131yor olsa da son y\u0131llarda \u00e7ok daha yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131k. 2019 yaz\u0131nda, ITER, o zamanlar tokamaklar\u0131nda ilk plazmaya ula\u015fmaktan sadece alt\u0131 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l uzakta olduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ard\u0131ndan, a\u011fustos ay\u0131nda sadece bir ay sonra, Oak Ridge Ulusal Laboratuvar\u0131, n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyonu ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fctmek ve plazmay\u0131 y\u00f6netmek i\u00e7in yeni AI ve s\u00fcper hesaplama uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 uygulayan ba\u015fka bir at\u0131l\u0131m bildirdi.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l\u0131n Ekim ay\u0131nda, Los Alamos Ulusal Laboratuvar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Plazma Liner deneyi (PLX), plazma tabancalar\u0131, m\u0131knat\u0131slar ve lazerlerin bilimkurgu kombinasyonunu, bu y\u0131l daha sonra \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayacak olan f\u00fczyona hibrid bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla duyurdu. Sadece ge\u00e7en ay, Avustralyal\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 HB11, f\u00fczyona kendi lazer yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in patent almaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n
DIII-D \u00fczerindeki ortak ara\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131, ITER i\u00e7in planlanan y\u00fcksek performansl\u0131 plazmalardaki iki yak\u0131tland\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Deneyler, yak\u0131t oran\u0131 iki y\u00f6ntem aras\u0131nda kabaca e\u015fit olarak e\u015fle\u015fti\u011finde, hidrojen buzu enjeksiyonunu kullanarak gaz enjeksiyonuna k\u0131yasla \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde daha y\u00fcksek bir plazma bas\u0131nc\u0131 (f\u00fczyon reaksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n anahtar\u0131) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdi, daha iyi bir hidrojen yak\u0131t kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeni ke\u015ffiyle, ticari n\u00fckleer f\u00fczyon her zamankinden daha yak\u0131n ve potansiyel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n abart\u0131lmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z.<\/p>\n
Yazan: BEYZA \u00d6ZDEM\u0130R
\nD\u00fczenleyen: Esra G\u00f6zta\u015f<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" D\u00fcnyadaki bilim adamlar\u0131, karbon bazl\u0131 ekonomimiz bizi felaket iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine do\u011fru devrilme noktas\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmadan \u00f6nce fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yerini alacak kadar ucuz, verimli ve \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilir bir ye\u015fil enerji \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcne do\u011fru yar\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9007,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_thinkrank_schema_form_data":"","_thinkrank_selected_schema_type":"","_thinkrank_additional_schemas":"","_thinkrank_canonical_url":"","_thinkrank_og_title":"","_thinkrank_og_description":"","_thinkrank_og_image":"","_thinkrank_twitter_title":"","_thinkrank_twitter_description":"","_thinkrank_twitter_image":"","_thinkrank_imported_from":"","_thinkrank_focus_keywords":[],"_thinkrank_focus_keyword":"","_thinkrank_robots_meta_enabled":0,"_thinkrank_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_advanced_robots_meta":"","_thinkrank_primary_category":0,"footnotes":"","_ppma_block_editor_authors":""},"categories":[106],"tags":[998,1003,103,835,116,154],"ppma_author":[2016],"class_list":["post-8983","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kose-yazilari","tag-covid-19","tag-hidrojen","tag-enerji","tag-nukleer-fuzyon","tag-petrol","tag-yenilenebilir-enerji"],"yoast_head":"\n